Sakharov Centennial 1921-2021 EXHIBITION Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov – PERSON OF THE ERA GUIDE BOOK Person of the Era 1 028 Guidebook_A5.indd 1 26-04-2021 10:19 Table of Contents Foreword 3 The importance of Andrei Sakharov and His Legacy Today Edward Lucas 5 Smuggling Samizdat: The extraordinary tale how Sakharov’s essay reached the West Robert van Voren 8 The 1968 essay “Thoughts on Peace, Progress and Intellectual Freedom” Introduction Arkady Ostrovsky 11 Thoughts on Peace, Progress and Intellectual Freedom (an abbreviated version) 14 Background of the Exhibition 23 Sakharov Today 25 QR Codes 28 Copyright © Andrei Sakharov Research Center, Kaunas Photos by Sergei Gavrishkevich, Yuri Rost, Alamy, Nkrita, private collections 2 Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov 028 Guidebook_A5.indd 2 26-04-2021 10:19 Foreword to the Guidebook “Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov - Person of an Era” Exhibition “Sakharov Centennial 1921 - 2021” In February 1989, on the occasion of the award of the first Sakharov prize, the then President of the European Parliament, Lord Plumb, explained the meaning of the newly created prize and of its name. The award, he said, is intended to pay tribute to those individuals who defend freedom of thought and, for the European Parliament, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov embodies this fight. The same holds true today, in the year of his centenary. The story of Andrei Sakharov’s struggle for freedom continues to hum- ble and inspire us today. In 1968, in a famous essay partially reproduced in this guidebook, Andrei Sakharov courageously expressed the view that intellectual freedom is essential. In the following decades, he dedicated his life to defending the right to freedom of thought. Co-inventor of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, he called into question the consequences of the nuclear arms race, which he came to consider as a form of global suicide. Faced with the repressive and brutal Soviet regime, Andrei Sakharov had the courage to take a stand against it. Officially persecuted for years in the Soviet Union and forced into exile, he had the strength to continue the peaceful struggle for the advancement of human rights and individual freedoms. Andrei Sakharov was one of the driving forces of the dissident movements fighting for individual freedoms and democracy in the Soviet Union and in the Eastern European countries. His firm attachment to the importance of freedom of thought for a society, as well as his courageous acts have shaped the history of our continent, contributing to its pacification and making Europe’s reunification possible. Today, in a world where authoritarian regimes and populist forces undermine the fundamental freedoms and question the principle of human rights, the moral symbol represented by Andrei Sakharov constitutes a source of inspiration for all those that fight for democratic principles. For more than 30 years, the European Parliament contributes to keeping this symbol alive by awarding the Sakharov prize for Freedom of Thought. An important part of the European Parliament’s activities in support of human rights and democracy, the prize pays tribute all those who relentlessly fight for these values worldwide. Person of the Era 3 028 Guidebook_A5.indd 3 26-04-2021 10:19 A perfect illustration of this forceful fight are the laureates of the 2020 Sakharov Prize - the Belarussian Democratic Opposition. Along with all the other Sakharov laureates, they taught us all what it means to never give up when it comes to defending your rights and freedoms and to fighting for a better, fairer society. A lesson that is both humbling and inspiring, just as Andrei Sakharov’s struggle for freedom and human rights was. David Maria Sassoli, President European Parliament 028 Guidebook_A5.indd 4 26-04-2021 10:19 The Importance of Andrei Sakharov and His Legacy Today Edward Lucas The world in which Andrei Dmitrievich made his mark can seem distant. Most people reading this excellent and timely publication will have little first-hand knowledge of Sakharov’s life and works. In today’s globalised world, where we worry about climate change and pandemics rather than ideological struggles, the defining issues of the past age can seem like exotic but ancient history. The technological breakthrough of splitting the atom; the resulting development of weapons that could end life on the planet; a world sharply divided into Soviet and Western blocks, the astonishing courage of dis- sidents faced with the ruthless repression of Soviet life, and then the evil empire’s sudden, largely unforeseen collapse — these were the landmarks of Sakharov’s life. But blow off the dust, and they are just as relevant today. Start with technology, for Sakharov was a physicist before he was any- thing else. We are now on the brink of a technological leap as great as the breakthroughs in nuclear physics that marked Sakharov’s career. Hurtling towards us are advances in artificial intelligence, quantum computing and life sciences that present our species, and the planet it inhabits, with colossal opportunities and dangers. For that we need Sakharov’s perspective on the uses of our inventive powers. Technology must serve civilisation, not the other way round. It was the dangers of the arms race that first drew Sakharov to public life. These dangers have not gone away: indeed, the prospect of escalating capabilities in autonomous weapons are a terrifying reprise of the world of doomsday devices, dead hands, and Dr Strangelove. Person of the Era 5 028 Guidebook_A5.indd 5 26-04-2021 10:19 If Sakharov could make his leap from the privileged heart of the Soviet establishment to the perilous margins of Soviet society, we can believe that others may do the same in other times and places. Sakharov’s courage stretched the bounds of the possible then, and of our imagination now. We cannot know if Chinese Sakharovs are right now examining their consciences in the laboratories and research establishments of the Chinese party state. But history shows us that there is indeed something about physics that fosters moral courage. Physicists have been among the most outspoken critics of the party-state in the past. The late Fang Lizhi was one such dissident in the 1980s. Another, Liangying Xu, received the American Physical Society’s Sakharov prize in 2008. More will come. Sakharov’s message crossed an east-west gulf that no longer exists. But even in today’s seemingly globalised and interconnected world, we have seen the way in which the “Great Firewall of China” has cut off that country from the free internet that the rest of the world uses. Carbon paper, typewriters, and shortwave radio – technology that once seemed utterly obsolescent – are coming back into fashion. The all-pervading digital scrutiny of the Chinese party-state’s surveillance machine can capture biometric data, crack electronic communications, and attack digital devices anywhere in the world. But it still cannot penetrate a message written by hand on a folded piece of paper, or prevent you tuning into a radio broadcast bounced off the ionosphere. Sakharov, confined without a telephone in Gorki, would appreciate the way in which the wheel of history has turned. Sakharov’s powerful criticism of the Soviet regime was matched by an unflinching eye for the West’s faults, in particular for racial injustice in the United States. That could not be more topical today. Our greatest weakness in the free world is not what our enemies do to us. It is what we do to ourselves: the greed and complacency of our decision-makers, the festering economic, social, and racial divisions in our societies. Nobody made us do this. Sakharov’s stereoscopic vision was the antithesis of the black-and-white simplicities of cold war propaganda. It is easy to be discouraged. The Chinese and Russian regimes seem to withstand the puny sanctions and criticism that we muster. China in particular has a daunting combination of economic clout, military heft, technological prowess, and decisive leadership. The “hybrid” arsenal (which Sakharov would have instantly recognised under its old name of “active measures”) allows our adversaries to rampage through our societies and public institutions. 6 Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov 028 Guidebook_A5.indd 6 26-04-2021 10:19 Yet we should remember how much more daunting things seemed for Sakharov — and indeed for the Lithuanians and other captive nations living under Soviet rule in the 1960s. It seemed Quixotic to believe that the courage of a sole, frail, cerebral figure, armed only with words and thoughts, could dent the fortunes of a totalitarian superpower. Yet it did. His Nobel Peace Prize in 1975 infuriated and demoralised the Soviet leadership (as we now know from Politburo minutes). They refused to let Sakharov attend the ceremony. He went to Vilnius instead, to attend the trial of his fellow-dissident and friend, Sergei Kovalyev. Just 15 years later, Lithuania declared the restoration of its independence – something that would have seemed inconceivable at the time. It is also important to remember Sakharov’s unwavering moral compass. Many believed that Mikhail Gorbachev epitomized reform in the Soviet Union. Those who stood in his way were troublemakers. That accusation was frequently levelled against the Baltic states. Yet Sakharov thought the slogan “don’t hamper Gorbachev’s efforts” was dangerous: for the Kremlin leader, and for the Soviet Union. In the closing minutes of the June 1989 session of the Congress of People’s Deputies, Sakharov’s final words before Gorbachev (not for the last time) switched off his microphone were to demand the withdrawal of the Soviet ambassador from Beijing in protest at the crushing of the pro-democracy protests there. It is fitting that so many heroes of the resistance against the Chinese party-state’s repression and aggression have received the Sakharov prize awarded annually by the European Parliament: the democracy activists Wei Jingsheng and Hu Jia and most recently Ilham Tohti, a peaceful advocate of Uyghur culture, now languishing in jail.