Report submitted to USAID/Mali An Analysis of the Benefits and Costs of MALI Alternative Irrigation Investments Under the Integrated Water and Coastal Resources Management Indefinite Quantity Contract (No. LAG-I-00-99-00018-00, Task Order No. 806) Submitted by: ARD, Inc. 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 USA Tel: (802) 658-3890 December 2002 Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures...........................................................................................................iii Abbreviations and Acronyms ..................................................................................................... iv 1.0 Introduction and Background.............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Irrigation Potential in Mali ................................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Irrigation Systems ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Mali’s Irrigation Development Strategy ............................................................................. 9 1.3.1 Subsector Diagnosis ................................................................................................. 10 1.3.2 Constraints................................................................................................................11 1.3.3 Medium- and Long-term Needs ................................................................................ 12 1.3.4 Areas of Emphasis .................................................................................................... 13 1.3.5 SNDI Action Plan...................................................................................................... 14 1.4 USAID Country Strategy, 2003-2012 .............................................................................. 14 2.0 Principal Irrigation Systems in Mali ................................................................................. 16 2.1 Large-scale Irrigation by Gravity Flow ............................................................................ 16 2.1.1 Baguinéda .................................................................................................................16 2.1.2 Office du Niger.......................................................................................................... 17 2.1.3 Sélingué..................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of Large-scale Irrigation by Gravity ............................. 25 2.2 Controlled Flooding or Irrigation with Partial Water Control.......................................... 27 2.2.1 Office Riz Ségou........................................................................................................ 28 2.2.2 Office Riz Mopti ........................................................................................................ 29 2.2.3 The DAD Project in Djenné...................................................................................... 29 2.2.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of Controlled Flooding .................................................. 32 2.3 Irrigated Village Perimeters (PIVs) .................................................................................. 33 2.3.1 Mopti Region............................................................................................................. 33 2.3.2 Timbuktu Region....................................................................................................... 35 2.3.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of Irrigated Village Perimeters...................................... 37 2.4 Irrigation of Small Valley Basins and Large Plains (Bas-fonds)...................................... 38 2.4.1 OHVN Zone............................................................................................................... 39 2.4.2 Mali-Sud – the CMDT Zone...................................................................................... 39 2.4.3 Kayes......................................................................................................................... 41 2.4.4 Bandiagara ............................................................................................................... 42 2.4.5 Strengths and Weaknesses of Bas-fonds ................................................................... 42 3.0 Impact of the Irrigation Systems ....................................................................................... 46 3.1 Total Water Control .......................................................................................................... 46 3.2 Controlled Submersion or Flooding ................................................................................. 49 3.3 Irrigated Village Perimeters.............................................................................................. 51 3.4 Bas-Fonds ......................................................................................................................... 52 4.0 Study Team Recommendations.......................................................................................... 56 4.1 Conversion of a Site with an Assured Water Source from Controlled Flooding to “Total Control” ............................................................................................................................ 59 An Analysis of the Benefits and Costs of Alternative Irrigation Investments in Mali i Table of Contents 4.1.1 Approximate Cost of Suggested Development .......................................................... 60 4.1.2 Desired Outcome from Investment in the Dioro Perimeter...................................... 61 4.2 Conversion of an Uncontrolled Flooded Area to a Controlled Flooded Area (Submersion Libre to Submersion Contrôlée) ....................................................................................... 62 4.2.1 Approximate Cost of Proposed Development........................................................... 63 4.2.2 Desired Outcome of Investment in the Djenné and Mopti Areas.............................. 64 4.3 Bas-Fonds Development................................................................................................... 64 4.3.1 Small Valley Basins .................................................................................................. 64 4.3.2 Large Plains.............................................................................................................. 65 4.4 Proposed USAID Activities over the Next Decade to Support Expansion in Malian Irrigation ........................................................................................................................... 68 4.4.1 Improved Farmer Access to Certified Seed to Intensify Production on an Expanding Irrigated Area .......................................................................................................... 68 4.4.2 Rehabilitation of Small Farmers in the ON .............................................................. 70 4.4.3 Promote a Research and Training Center for Improved Irrigation Technology...... 71 4.5 Synergy with Other USAID Activities ............................................................................. 72 Appendix A. The Office du Niger Appendix B. Documents Consulted Appendix C. Statistical Tables ii An Analysis of the Benefits and Costs of Alternative Irrigation Investments in Mali List of Tables and Figures List of Tables and Figures Table 1.1. Irrigation Use of the Niger River, 1989-1997................................................................ 3 Table 1.2. Area Potentially Irrigable and Area Irrigated, by Region.............................................. 3 Table 1.3. Rice Production by Irrigation System, 1999-2000 ........................................................ 4 Table 1.4. Estimates of Irrigated Area, 2002.................................................................................. 5 Table 1.5. Constraints to the Development of Irrigation .............................................................. 11 Table 2.1. Donor-Funded Projects................................................................................................43 Table 3.1. Increase in Production of Selected Crops.................................................................... 46 Table 3.2. Internal Rates of Return, M’Béwani-Type Perimeter.................................................. 47 Table 3.3. A System Comparison ................................................................................................. 54 Table 4.1. An Illustrative Table of Estimated Construction Costs (conversion of a site with an assured water source from controlled submersion to maîtrise totale) .................................. 61 Table 4.2. An Illustrative Table of Estimated Construction Costs (conversion of an uncontrolled flooded area to a controlled flooded area) ............................................................................ 63 Table 4.3. An Illustrative Table of Estimated Construction Costs (bas-fonds development for small valley basins)............................................................................................................... 65 Table 4.4. An Illustrative Table of Estimated Construction Costs (bas-fonds