Notes introduction 1. The best sources on American individualist anarchism are as follows: Eunice Schuster, Native American Anarchism: A Study of Left-Wing American Individualism (New York: Da Capo, 1970 [1932]). This book is exemplary in connecting American individualist anarchism to radical Protestantism. James J. Martin, Men Against the State: The Expositors of American Individu- alist Anarchism, 1827–1908 (Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1970 [1953]). William O. Reichert, Partisans of Freedom: A Study in American Anarchism (Bowling Green: Bowling Green University Press, 1976). Martin’s and Reichert’s volumes represent the most elaborate scholarship on this topic, and I’d like to express my gratitude to both authors for an incredible amount of work for a very small audience, which has been indispensable to my development as a political philosopher and historian of libertarian/ anarchist thought. See also David DeLeon, The American as Anarchist: Re- flections on Indigenous Radicalism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). 2. Warren, Equitable Commerce. See, for example, the Burt Franklin edi- tion of the 1852 text, n.d., p. 40. This is precisely the sort of passages edited out in this volume. 3. PDF files of original typesets of Equitable Commerce and True Civiliza- tion are available at the Anarchy Archives, http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/ Anarchist_Archives/bright/warren/war ren.html. 4. Conway’s article appeared in the Fortnightly Review on July 1, 1865,as the author recollected Warren in 1858. Quoted in William Bailie, Josiah War- ren: The First American Anarchist (New York: Herbert C. Roseman, 1971 [1906]), 69. 5. The main biographical sources are Bailie, Josiah Warren; and Roger Wunderlich, Low Living and High Thinking at Modern Times, New York (Syr- acuse: Syracuse University Press, 1992). { 281 } 282 notes to pages 13–27 6. For the intersection of radical Protestantism, individualism, aboli- tionism, anarchism, and pacifism, the best sources are Valarie H. Ziegler, The Advocates of Peace in Antebellum America (Bloomington: Indiana Uni- versity Press, 1992); Aileen S. Kraditor, Means and Ends in American Aboli- tionism (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1989 [1967]); and Lewis Perry, Radical Abolitionism: Anarchy and the Government of God in Antislavery Thought (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973). 7. Vernon Parrington, Main Currents in American Thought (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1927), 171. 8. Frank Podmore, Robert Owen (London, 1906), 404. 9. Ezra Heywood, ‘‘Hard Cash . Financial Monopolies Hinder Enter- prise’’ (1874), in The Collected Works of Ezra H. Heywood, ed. Martin Blatt (Weston, Mass.: M & S Press, 1985), 103–29. This is a very able exposition of Warren-style economic theory. 10. Owen derived his determinism and many political and ethical conclu- sions from William Godwin. Owen expressed these views, for example, in A New View of Society; or, Essays on the Formation of Human Character (Lon- don, 1813). 11. Probably the best source on Harmonie (the Rappite community) and New Harmony is William E. Wilson, The Angel and the Serpent: The Story of New Harmony (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964). I have relied on this volume for most of the account herein. 12. Kenneth Rexroth, Communalism: From Its Origins to the Twentieth Century (New York: The Seabury Press, 1974), 236. 13. Wilson, Angel and the Serpent, 151. 14.JohnHumphreyNoyes,History of American Socialisms (New York: Dover, 1966 [1870]), 41. 15. Wilson, Angel and the Serpent, 148. 16. Bailie, Josiah Warren, 5. 17. Quoted in Wunderlich, Low Living and High Thinking, 22. 18. Frances Wright, ‘‘Wealth and Money,’’ Free Enquirer, October 23, 1830. Quoted in Celia Morris, Fanny Wright: Rebel in America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 179n22. 19. On Frances Wright, a good source is Morris, Fanny Wright,which portrays Wright as an astonishing synthesis of Jane Austen and Emma Goldman. 20. The publication history of this remarkable book, as set out in the in- troduction of A Treatise on Language (New York: Dover, 1968), is as follows. In 1828 G. and C. Carvill of New York published it under the title The Philos- notes to pages 27– 43 283 ophy of Human Knowledge; or, A Treatise on Language.In1836 Harper and Brothers published a revised and expanded edition, though also with some unfortunate omissions, as A Treatise on Language; or, The Relation Which Words Bear to Things. The latter is the basis of the all later editions. In 1854 Appleton published Johnson’s restatement, The Meaning of Words. 21. Johnson, Treatise on Language, 80–81. 22. Ibid., 115. 23. Noyes, History of American Socialisms, 42. 24. On Garrison, see Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York: Norton, 1998); and Horace Seldon, The Liberator Files, http://www.theliberatorfiles.com/. On Rogers, see http:// crispinsartwell.com/rogershome.htm. 25. Ralph Waldo Emerson, ‘‘The Young American’’ (1844), in Emerson: Essays and Lectures, ed. Joel Porte (New York: Library of America, 1983), 214. 26.RalphWaldoEmerson,‘‘Politics’’(1844), in Porte, Emerson: Essays and Lectures, 567. 27. Henry David Thoreau, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849), in Henry David Thoreau: A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Riv- ers; Walden; The Maine Woods; Cape Cod, ed. Robert F. Sayre (New York: Library of America,1985), 106. 28. Agnes Inglis, miscellaneous papers on Warren at the Labadie Collec- tion, University of Michigan. 29. Quoted in Madeleine B. Stern, The Pantarch: A Biography of Stephen Pearl Andrews (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968), 74. 30. Stern, Pantarch, 76. 31. Wunderlich, Low Living and High Thinking, 12. 32. Ibid., 10. 33. Charles Shiveley, ‘‘A Remarkable American: Josiah Warren’’ (Harvard College undergraduate honors thesis, March 1959), 66. 34. ‘‘Trialville and Modern Times,’’ Chambers’ Edinburgh Journal,De- cember 18, 1852, 396. 35. Quoted in ibid., 65. 36. Edgar Allan Poe, ‘‘The Literati of New York City,’’ Godey’s Magazine and Lady’s Book, July 1856, 16. Quoted in Wunderlich, Low Living and High Thinking, 70. 37. From the self-printed leaflet ‘‘Positions Defined,’’ circulated at Mod- ern Times in 1854. 38. Reichert, Partisans of Freedom, 74–75. The quotations from Warren are from Practical Applications. 284 notes to pages 44–105 39. John Stuart Mill, Autobiography (New York: Penguin, 1989 [1873]), p. 191. 40. August Comte to Henry Edger, August 4, 1854,inRichmondL. Hawkins, Positivism in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938), 138. 41. Peter Kropotkin, ‘‘Anarchism,’’ Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed., 1910, reprinted in The Essential Kropotkin, edited by Emile Capouya and Keitha Tompkins (New York: Liveright, 1975), 114–15. 42. Madeleine Stern, ‘‘Every Man His Own Printer: The Typographical Experiments of Josiah Warren,’’ Printing History 2, no. 2 (1980): 1–20. equitable commerce 1. Josiah Warren, Equitable Commerce (New York: Fowler and Wells, 1852), v. 2. The reference is to Alphonse de Lamartine, History of the Girondists, trans. H. D. Ryde (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), 3:293. Warren, of course, must have consulted an earlier edition of this book, originally published in French in 1847. 3. Reference is to Lamartine’s History of the Girondists, 2:337. 4. Ecclesiastes 3:1, King James version. 5. The reference would be to Blackstone’s Commentaries, part 1, section 2 (‘‘Of the Nature of Law in General’’), although it does not seem to be an exact quotation. Of course, any version of social contract theory would have done as well or better than Blackstone here, and one might infer that Warren was not thoroughly acquainted with Hobbes or Locke. the peaceful revolutionist 1. The two issues from 1833 were obtained from the Wisconsin Historical Society, to which I express my gratitude, as also to the Indiana Historical Society, which supplied the issue from 1848. 2. This is one of the fundamental propositions of Alexander Bryan John- son’s philosophy of language. See, for example, A Treatise on Language (New York: Dover, 1968), 47. 3. The quotation is from Jefferson’s first inaugural address. 4. Warren heard Robert Owen speak many times and knew him and his sons personally. This quotation is an expression of a thought expressed in all Owens’ work, and probably reflects the influence of William Godwin on Owen. notes to pages 106–14 285 5. Warren refers to Johnson’s twenty-eight-page pamphlet A Discourse on Language (Utica, N.Y.: William Williams, 1832). 6. Warren refers to Johnson’s The Philosophy of Human Knowledge, or a Treatise on Language: A Course of Lectures Delivered at the Utica Lyceum (New York: G. and C. Carvill, 1828). 7. One of the only other writers to take note of Johnson’s work on se- mantics was Frances Wright, in the Free Enquirer, March 18, 1829, quoted in David Rynin’s introduction to Alexander Bryan Johnson, A Treatise on Language, 7: A work of the highest merit, under the above title, issued from the press of this city [New York] during the past year; and, while calculated to ad- vance human intellect by a full century, in the path of true knowledge and sound thinking, we believe its appearance remains yet unnoticed, and all but unknown. This inattention, however, its enlightened author will know how to interpret. The diamond of true water is distinguished only by the lapidary; and, unfortunately, in the present state of human knowledge, the brighter jew- els of intellectual truth are appreciated only by the philosopher. It is only the reasoner who can appreciate reason, the profound thinker who can appreciate thought, and the scholar who can distinguish the originalities of genius, amid the stores of learning. Such characters may, therefore, be few, but they will not be lukewarm admirers. 8. Legislators have decided that ‘‘society has a right to take the life of criminals to preserve itself.’’ Society has left its interests to be preserved by forms of words like this, and gone to sleep, while the causes of crime have remained untouched, and continue to accumulate unseen.