Science, Technology and Society: A Philosophical Perspective Wenceslao J. Gonzalez (Editor) General Editor Wenceslao J. Gonzalez SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY: A PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE Copyright © 2005 by Netbiblo. Copyright © by Wenceslao J. Gonzalez. ISBN: 0-9729892-2-6 Editor: Cristina Seco Printed and bound by Gesbiblo, S.L. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that neither the author nor the publisher is engaged in rendering legal, accounting, futures/securities trading, or other professional service. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of competent professional personnel should be sought. Front cover: Gesbiblo, S.L. First Published 2005 by Netbiblo, S.L. CONTENTS Contributors .......................................................................................................................... v Preface: The Relevance of Science, Technology and Society: The “Social Turn” Wenceslao J. Gonzalez ......................................................................................................... ix PART I: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1. The Philosophical Approach to Science, Technology and Society Wenceslao J. Gonzalez ...................................................................................................... 3 2. Objectivity and Professional Duties Regarding Science and Technology Kristin Shrader-Frechette ................................................................................................. 51 PART II: STS: FROM THE PRESENT SITUATION TO THE FUTURE PROJECTION 3. Metascientific Analysis and Methodological Learning in Regulatory Science. On the Relationship between Analysis of Science and Scientific Practice José Luis Luján .................................................................................................................. 83 4. How to Reform Science and Technology Kristin Shrader-Frechette ................................................................................................. 107 PART III: THE RELATION BETWEEN SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 5. Progress and Social Impact in Design Sciences Anna Estany Profitos ........................................................................................................ 135 6. Experiments, Instruments and Society: Radioisotopes in Biomedical Research María Jesús Santesmases .................................................................................................. 159 PART IV: THE NEXUS BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY 7. Philosophical Patterns of Rationality and Technological Change Ramón Queraltó Moreno .................................................................................................. 179 Subject Index ......................................................................................................................... 207 Index of Names ...................................................................................................................... 211 iii ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME Wenceslao J. Gonzalez is professor of logic and philosophy of science at the University of A Coruña (Spain). He has been vicedean of the School of Humanities and president of the Committee of Doctoral Programs at the University. He has been a visiting researcher at the Universities of St. Andrews, Münster and London (London School of Economics), as well as Visiting fellow at the Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh. He has given lectures at the Universities of Pittsburgh, Stanford, Quebec and Helsinki. The conferences in which he has participated include those organized by the Universities of Uppsala, New South Wales, Bologne and Canterbury (New Zealand). He has edited 20 volumes and published 70 papers. He is the editor of the monographic issues on Philosophy and Methodology of Economics (1998) and Lakatos’s Philosophy Today (2001). His writings include “Economic Prediction and Human Activity. An Analysis of Prediction in Economics from Action Theory” (1994), “On the Theoretical Basis of Prediction in Economics” (1996), “Rationality in Economics and Scientific Predictions: A Critical Reconstruction of Bounded Rationality and its Role in Economic Predictions” (1997), “Lakatos’s Approach on Prediction and Novel Facts” (2001), “Rationality in Experimental Economics: An Analysis of R. Selten’s Approach” (2003), “From Erklären- Verstehen to Prediction-Understanding: The Methodological Framework in Economics (2003), and “The Many Faces of Popper’s Methodological Approach to Prediction” (2004). Kristin Shrader-Frechette is professor at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. She works at the Department of Philosophy as well as at the Department of Biological Sciences. She is currently president of the International Society for Environmental Ethics (ISEE). Previously, she has been president of two societies in the US: the Society for Philosophy and Technology and the Risk Assessment and Policy Association. She is author of more than 340 papers in this field of Science, Technology and Society. In addition, she has published 14 books related to STS. Many of her books deal with ethical issues related to technological risk and their environmental consequences: Nuclear Power and Public Policy (1980); Science Policy, Ethics, and Economic Methodology (1984); Risk and Rationality (1991); Ethics of Scientific Research (1994); Technology and Human Values (1997); … Her works have been translated into Chinese, Czech, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Russian, and Spanish. She is widely in demand as a lecturer by universities, governments, and industrial groups as well as National Academies of Science. She has been invited to prestigious colloquia such as the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science or the Pittsburgh v vi Science, Technology and Society: A Philosophical Perspective Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science. Currently she is working on a volume on Public Ethics: Citizenship and Duties of Advocacy. José Luis Luján is senior lecturer [titular professor] of logic and philosophy of science at the University of the Balearic Islands. He has participated as a researcher in several European research projects and currently is leading scientist of a research project of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science on regulatory science and technological risks. He has coauthored books such as El artefacto de la inteligencia (1989); Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad: Una introducción al estudio social de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (1996); La imagen social de las nuevas Tecnologías biológicas (1997); Violence: From Biology to Society (1997); and Ciencia y Política del riesgo (2000). He is coeditor of Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad: Lecturas seleccionadas (1997), Filosofía de la Tecnología (1998), and Gobernar los riesgos: Ciencia y valores en la sociedad del riesgo (2004). Anna Estany Profitos is professor of logic and philosophy of science at the Autonomous University of Barcelona and head of the Department of Philosophy. She was awarded a Master of Arts by the University of Indiana and has researched at the University of California at San Diego. Among her books are Modelos de cambio científico (1990), Introducción a la Filosofía de la Ciencia (1993), Manual de prácticas de Filosofía de la Ciencia (2000), La fascinación por el saber (2001) and ¿Eureka? El trasfondo de un descubrimiento sobre el cáncer y la Genética Molecular (2003). She is the author of papers such as “Reconstrucción de casos históricos a partir del modelo de progreso científico de L. Laudan” (1998), “Thomas Kuhn: Hacia una metateoría unificada de la Ciencia” (1998), “Ventajas epistémicas de la cognición socialmente distribuida” (2001) and “The Theory- laden Thesis of Observation in the Light of Cognitive Psychology” (2001). María Jesús Santesmases is senior scientist [titular researcher] at the Higher Council of Scientific Research (CSIC) in Madrid. She has edited the monographic issues of Arbor on Orígenes de la Biología Molecular: Contextos internacionales y tradiciones locales (1997) and Ciencia y Tecnología en el CSIC: Una visión de género (2002). Among her books are Establecimiento de la Bioquímica y la Biología Molecular en España (1997); Antibióticos en la autarquía (1999); Científicas en España (1940-1970): Profesionalización y modernización social (2000); and Entre Cajal y Ochoa (2001). She has published in the following journals: Isis, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, History and Philosophy of Life Sciences, Theoria, Social Studies of Science, and Minerva. Ramón Queraltó Moreno is professor of philosophy at the University of Seville. His realm of research is present tendencies in thought and especially philosophy of technology. He is a correspondent member of the Académie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences and the editor of the journal Argumentos de Razón técnica. He is head of a research group on “Science, Technology and Society” of the High Council of Scientific Research (CSIC). He About the Contributors to this Volume vii is the author of eight books, among them are Mundo, Tecnología y Razón en el fin de la Modernidad (1993), K. Popper, de la Epistemología a la Metafísica (1996), Razionalità tecnica e mondo futuro. Una eredità per il terzo millennio (2002), and Ética, Tecnología y Valores en la sociedad global (2003). He has published widely. Among his papers are “Does Technology ‘Construct’ Scientific