Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations January 2015 EXAMINING THE USE OF USER- CENTERED DESIGN IN GAMIFICATION: A DELPHI STUDY Yang Chen Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Recommended Citation Chen, Yang, "EXAMINING THE USE OF USER-CENTERED DESIGN IN GAMIFICATION: A DELPHI STUDY" (2015). Open Access Dissertations. 1103. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/1103 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Graduate School Form 30 Updated 1/15/2015 PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared By Yang Chen Entitled EXAMINING THE USE OF USER-CENTERED DESIGN IN GAMIFICATION: A DELPHI STUDY For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Is approved by the final examining committee: James Mohler Bedrich Benes Chair David Whittinghill Co-chair Mary Sadowski Patrick Connolly To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Thesis/Dissertation Agreement, Publication Delay, and Certification Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University’s “Policy of Integrity in Research” and the use of copyright material. Approved by Major Professor(s): James Mohler Approved by: Kathryne Newton 11/14/2015 Head of the Departmental Graduate Program Date i EXAMINING THE USE OF USER-CENTERED DESIGN IN GAMIFICATION: A DELPHI STUDY A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Yang Chen In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2015 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My gratitude first goes to my parents, Yongsheng Chen and Ping Wang, and all my other family members. I also thank my boyfriend, Meng Wang, for giving me unconditional support to finish my Ph.D. study. I would like to thank my advisors Dr. James Mohler and Dr. David Whittinghill for their support, encouragement, patience, and trust in me, as well as countless insightful discussions from which I learned much. Their scientific enthusiasm and need to know why and how things work served as my inspiration to persevere. I am indebted to Dr. Mary Sadowski for giving me so much help on the Delphi method. Thanks also goes to Dr. Patrick Connolly for his guidance and support and to Dr. Bedrich Benes for helping me throughout the research process. I am thankful to Professor Joseph Kmec for the careful editing and suggested revisions to my dissertation. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Significance .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Statement of Purpose .............................................................................................. 3 1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................. 3 1.5 Assumptions .......................................................................................................... 3 1.6 Limitations .......................................................................................................... 4 1.7 Delimitation .......................................................................................................... 4 1.8 Definition of Key Terms ......................................................................................... 4 1.9 Overview of Study .................................................................................................. 5 1.10 Organization .......................................................................................................... 6 1.11 Summary ............................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 8 2.1 Approach to This Review ....................................................................................... 8 2.2 Overview of Gamification ...................................................................................... 9 2.3 Gamification Design Approaches ......................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Pointsification...........................................................................................10 2.3.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation ...........................................................12 2.3.3 Meaningful Gamification .........................................................................13 2.3.4 Player Centered Design ............................................................................14 iv Page 2.4 Psychological Basis of Gamification Design ........................................................ 15 2.4.1 Behaviorism .............................................................................................15 2.4.2 Cognitivism ..............................................................................................18 2.5 Applications of Gamification ................................................................................ 20 2.5.1 Gamification in Education .......................................................................20 2.5.2 Gamification in Business .........................................................................22 2.5.3 Gamification in Collaborative Problem Solving ......................................22 2.5.4 Gamification in Behavioral Modification ................................................24 2.6 User-Centered Design ........................................................................................... 26 2.6.1 Overview of User-Centered Design Theory.............................................26 2.6.2 Process of User-Centered Design .............................................................27 2.6.3 Methods of User-Centered Design ...........................................................29 2.6.4 Applications of User-Centered Design ....................................................30 2.7 The Delphi Method ............................................................................................... 30 2.7.1 Overview of the Delphi Method...............................................................31 2.7.2 Procedures of the Delphi Method.............................................................32 2.7.3 Challenges of Using the Delphi Method ..................................................34 2.7.4 Applications of the Delphi Method ..........................................................35 2.8 Summary................................................................................................................36 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................................................... 38 3.1 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 38 3.1.1 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................39 3.1.2 Research Site ............................................................................................40 3.1.3 Study Phases .............................................................................................40 3.1.4 Participants ...............................................................................................41 3.1.5 Sampling Strategy ....................................................................................43 3.1.6 Motivation ................................................................................................43 3.1.7 Researcher Relationship ...........................................................................44 3.2 Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 44 v Page 3.2.1 Data Types................................................................................................44 3.2.2 Phase A Procedure ...................................................................................45 3.2.3 Phase B Procedure ....................................................................................46 3.3 Data Analysis.........................................................................................................48 3.3.1 Phase A Data Analysis .............................................................................48 3.3.2 Phase B Data Analysis .............................................................................49 3.3.3 Delphi Consensus .....................................................................................50 3.3.4 Item Stability ............................................................................................51 3.4 Validity and Reliability