How Canadians Value Nature: A Strategic and Conceptual Review of Literature and Research CSoP Research & Consulting for Environment Canada Randolph Haluza-DeLay, Ph.D. Nathan Kowalsky, Ph.D. John Parkins, Ph.D. CSoP Research & Consulting Building Social Capital and a Compassionate Sense of Place 3823 62 St Edmonton, AB T6L 1A4 780-490-6160 [email protected] Photo Credits: Ron Cornies, Randolph Haluza-DeLay, Dawn Roadhouse June 21, 2009 ii How Canadians Value Nature: A Strategic and Conceptual Review of Literature and Research CSoP Research & Consulting for Environment Canada Randolph Haluza-DeLay, Ph.D. Nathan Kowalsky, Ph.D. John Parkins, Ph.D. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1 Moving beyond previous research ........................................................................................ 4 Understanding values and valuation...................................................................................... 5 2 CONCEPTS ......................................................................................................................... 7 What is “Nature”?................................................................................................................. 7 What are “Values”? ............................................................................................................ 10 3 CONCEPTUALIZING VALUES FOR RESEARCH ......................................................... 13 Conservation Science Approaches to Valuing Nature ......................................................... 14 Economic Approaches to Valuing Nature ........................................................................... 16 Methodology in Economic Valuation.................................................................................. 18 Damage, replacement, and substitution costs................................................................. 18 Stated preferences......................................................................................................... 19 Revealed preferences .................................................................................................... 20 Psychological Approaches to Valuing Nature ..................................................................... 22 Values-Attitudes/Norms-Behaviour .............................................................................. 22 Biopsychological Approaches....................................................................................... 27 Methodology in Psychological Values of Nature ................................................................ 30 Experimental Designs ................................................................................................... 30 Survey Scales ............................................................................................................... 31 New Ecological Paradigm............................................................................................. 32 Philosophical Approaches to Valuing Nature...................................................................... 34 Origin and Realness of Values ...................................................................................... 35 Why is Nature Valuable? .............................................................................................. 35 What Aspect of Nature is Valuable?.............................................................................. 36 Environmental Aesthetics ............................................................................................. 37 Values Pluralism........................................................................................................... 38 Socio-Cultural Approaches to Valuing Nature .................................................................... 40 Methodology in Socio-Cultural Valuations of Nature ......................................................... 43 Studying Canadian Culture ........................................................................................... 43 Studying Social Contexts.............................................................................................. 45 iii 4 METHODOLOGIES FOR VALUING NATURE............................................................... 51 Method: Survey.................................................................................................................. 53 Method: Narrative .............................................................................................................. 55 Method: Ethnography......................................................................................................... 56 Engagement Methods (focus groups).................................................................................. 57 Spatial Modelling Methods................................................................................................. 58 5 OPERATIONALIZING HOW WE VALUE NATURE...................................................... 61 Ecosystem services............................................................................................................. 64 Aesthetic Values................................................................................................................. 69 “Finer” Landscape Art .................................................................................................. 70 Nature and “Moving Pictures” ...................................................................................... 70 Nature Writing.............................................................................................................. 71 Architecture.................................................................................................................. 72 Valuing Nature in Recreation Parks and /Tourism .............................................................. 73 Nature-based Recreational Activity............................................................................... 77 Parks............................................................................................................................. 84 Tourism and Commercial Recreation............................................................................ 86 Recreation and Nature-Values....................................................................................... 89 Resource Management........................................................................................................ 90 Cultural Diversity and Values............................................................................................. 97 Aboriginal Values of Nature ......................................................................................... 97 Canadian Heritage Values of Nature ............................................................................. 99 Non-European Immigrant Values of Nature ................................................................ 101 Religious and Spiritual Values.......................................................................................... 102 Valuing Urban Nature....................................................................................................... 108 Urban Greenspace Policies.......................................................................................... 110 Social Benefits of Urban Nature.................................................................................. 113 Social Inclusion................................................................................................................ 118 Values of Nature for Health.............................................................................................. 122 Restorative Effects of Nature ...................................................................................... 124 Nature-based Therapy................................................................................................. 125 Ecotherapy.................................................................................................................. 126 Healing Nature: Places................................................................................................ 127 Healing Nature: Therapy............................................................................................. 129 Healing Nature: Natural Products................................................................................ 130 Nature and Health Conclusions................................................................................... 130 Schools, Children and Nature ........................................................................................... 132 6 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................ 135 Moving Forward to a New Survey.................................................................................... 137 Using Values Data for Promoting Sustainability ............................................................... 140 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………...…147 iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1: List of “Natural Values” from Ducks Unlimited...............................................14 Table 2. Sample sets of value-categories derived from recent research...........................63 Table 3: Sample of research derived benefits of recreation ...........................................76 Table 4: List of forest values for 4 forest