PRESIDENTSPRE THE CONSTITUTION THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE A program of the Bill of Rights Institute 200 North Glebe Road, Suite 200 Arlington, Virginia 22203 www.BillofRightsInstitute.org Founded in September 1999, the Bill of Rights Institute seeks to educate young people about the words and ideas of America’s Founders, the liberties guaranteed in our Founding documents, and how our Founding principles continue to affect and shape a free society. The Bill of Rights Institute is an educational non-profit organization, classified by the Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) organization, a public charity. With an annual operating budget of over $4 million, the Institute is grateful to be supported by 3,000 individual, corporate, and foundation donors. Authors Academic Advisors Veronica Burchard Marc Landy, Ph.D. Gennie Burleson Westbrook Boston College Stuart Leibiger, Ph.D. Instructional Design LaSalle University Veronica Burchard David Marion, Ph.D. Gennie Burleson Westbrook Hampden-Sydney College Editors Robert M. S. McDonald, Ph.D. United States Military Academy Veronica Burchard Claire McCaffery Griffin Gleaves Whitney Director, Hauenstein Center for Design and Production Presidential Studies Grand Valley State University Carolyn McKinney Perceptions Studio Amherst, New Hampshire © 2009, The Bill of Rights Institute All rights reserved. Portions of this publication may be photocopied and/or reproduced within schools for educational use only. Written permission must be secured from the publisher to use or reproduce any part of this book outside a school. ISBN 978-1-932785-33-3 Printed in the United States of America Table of Contents The Bill of Rights Institute Councils...................................................................ii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................iii Preface .............................................................................................iv Teaching Suggestions .................................................................................v Introductory Essay: “The Creation of the American Presidency” by David Marion, Ph.D...................vi UnitUn One Powers Herein Granted: The President and Federal Power 1 ConstitutionalCo Connection: The Presidency and Federal Power ..........................................2 “The““ThTh Presidency and Federal Power” by David Marion, Ph.D.............................................4 James Madison and the Bonus Bill ................................................................8 Theodore Roosevelt and the Bully Pulpit .........................................................18 Lyndon Johnson and Ronald Reagan: Two Views of Federal Power ................................24 UnitU Two Commander in Chief: War and the Constitution 2 ConstitutionalCCoo Connection: War and the Constitution .................................................34 “War“W and Civil Liberty” by Robert M. S. McDonald, Ph.D. .............................................36 John Adams and the Alien and Sedition Acts .....................................................40 Abraham Lincoln and Habeas Corpus ............................................................48 Woodrow Wilson and the Espionage Act .........................................................56 Unit Three All Other Persons: Slavery and the Constitution 3 Constitutional Connection: Slavery and the Constitution ..............................................66 “Slavery, the Constitution, and the Presidency” by Stuart Leibiger, Ph.D. ................................68 James Buchanan and the Dred Scott Decision .....................................................72 Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation ............................................80 Andrew Johnson and the Civil War Amendments .................................................86 UnitU Four Advice and Consent: The President as Chief Diplomat 4 ConstitutionalC Connection: The President as Chief Diplomat...........................................92 ““TheTh President as Chief Diplomat” by Gleaves Whitney ................................................94 George Washington and Jay’s Treaty .............................................................98 Woodrow Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles ...................................................106 Jimmy Carter and the Panama Canal Treaty .................................................... 114 5 Unit Five The Electors Shall Meet: Electing the President Constitutional Connection: Electing the President ................................................... 118 “Selecting the President” by Marc Landy, Ph.D. ...................................................... 120 John Quincy Adams and the Election of 1824 .................................................. 124 Rutherford B. Hayes and the Disputed Election of 1876 ......................................... 132 George W. Bush and the Supreme Court Case of Bush v. Gore (2000) ............................. 140 Answer Key .......................................................................................156 Appendix A: The Declaration of Independence...................................................... 165 Appendix B: The Constitution of the United States ..................................................168 Appendix C: The Bill of Rights .....................................................................178 National Standards Correlations .................................................................... 179 Special Thanks and Image Credits. .. 180 Academic Advisory Council William Damon, Ph.D. Sanford V. Levinson Eugene Volokh Stanford University University of Texas University of California, School of Law Los Angeles, School of Law Richard Epstein University of Chicago Stephen Macedo, Ph.D. Keith Whittington, Ph.D. Law School Princeton University Princeton University William Galston, Ph.D. Pauline Maier, Ph.D. Gordon Wood, Ph.D. Brookings Institution Massachusetts Institute Brown University of Technology A. E. Dick Howard Todd Zywicki University of Virginia John Majewski, Ph.D. Bill of Rights Institute School of Law University of California, Academic Advisor Santa Barbara George Mason University Alex M. Johnson, Jr. School of Law University of Minnesota David Marion, Ph.D. Law School Hampden Sydney College Charles R. Kesler, Ph.D. Rodney Smolla Claremont McKenna College Washington and Lee School of Law Program Advisory Council Stephen Bullick Rodger Graham Sara Shoob Mount Lebanon ITT Educational Services, Inc. Fairfax County Public High School Schools (retired) Chuck Hyman Pittsburgh, PA Annandale, VA Anti-Defamation League David S. Butts Dr. Patty Smith Robert S. Leming Cobb County School District Midland ISD Curriculum Center for Civic Education Marietta, GA Supervisor (retired) Bruce Lesh Midland, TX Bruce Damasio Franklin High School National Council for the Social Amy Trenkle Reisterstown, MD Studies Stuart Hobson Middle School Jan Miller Washington, DC Dana Devon State Bar of Texas World Affairs Council of Admiral Paul Yost Philadelphia Tim O’Brien James Madison Memorial Nova Southeastern University Fellowship Foundation Jennifer Foley-Hindman Law School Kingsway Regional Regina L. Zacker High School Elaine Reed New York City Department of Swedesboro, NJ National Council for History Education (retired) Education (retired) Dr. Steve Frank National Constitution Center Alice Reilly Fairfax County Public Schools Annandale, VA ii Acknowledgements The National Endowment for the Humanities made Presidents and the Constitution a reality by providing a generous grant through its We the People program. Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the National Endowment for the Humanities. The Bill of Rights Institute would also like to thank Dr. John M. Templeton, Jr. for his generous support of this project. iii Preface t the Constitutional Convention, Edmund Randolph raised concerns about the executive branch as the A“fetus of monarchy.” A year later, Alexander Hamilton asserted in Federalist #70 that “Energy in the executive is a leading character of the definition of good government.” This debate about the constitutional duties and responsibilities of the President of the United States began at the Founding and continues today. Presidents and the Constitution will help you engage your students in this debate by analyzing the actions of Presidents in light of the Constitution. Volume I features fifteen lessons organized according to five constitutional themes: “The President and Federal Power;” “War and the Constitution,” “Slavery and the Constitution,” “The President as Chief Diplomat,” and “Electing the President.” Volume II will feature three new themes as well as second units on “War and Federal Power.” Each unit begins with a scholarly essay, discussing the constitutional theme and placing the issues in their historical context. Following the essay is a primary source analysis—a “Constitutional Connection” —to serve as an introductory activity for the lessons in the unit. Three individual lessons on three Presidents round out each unit. The lessons in Presidents and the Constitution can be approached and presented individually, historically, or thematically. Each lesson includes a historical narrative about the featured President focusing on the constitutional issues during his tenure in office. Modular lesson plans include warm-up activities, primary source analyses, simulations, guided controversies,