DERM Technical Report: Development of Cleanup Target Levels (CTLs) for Chapter 24, Code of Miami-Dade County, Florida Prepared for the Department of Environmental Resources Management (DERM), Miami-Dade County, Florida by J. Keith Tolson, M.S. Kristen E. Jordan, Ph.D. Hugo G. Ochoa, D.V.M., Ph.D. Stephen M. Roberts, Ph.D. Center for Environmental & Human Toxicology University of Florida Gainesville, Florida October 20, 2000 DERM Technical Report – October 20, 2000 Table of Contents I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................5 II. Development of Groundwater CTLs.......................................................................................6 A. Introduction.....................................................................................................................6 B. Human Risk Equation.......................................................................................................7 1. Risk versus Hazard ....................................................................................................7 2. Exposure Parameters ...............................................................................................10 3. Toxicity Values ........................................................................................................10 III. Surface Water CTLs............................................................................................................14 A. Introduction...................................................................................................................14 B. Aquatic Toxicity Criteria.................................................................................................14 C. Human Health Risk Equation..........................................................................................15 1. Risk versus Hazard ..................................................................................................15 2. Exposure Parameters ...............................................................................................15 3. Toxicity Values ........................................................................................................15 IV. Soil CTLs ...........................................................................................................................16 A. Introduction...................................................................................................................16 B. CTLs for Direct Exposure to Soil ...................................................................................16 1. Human Health Risk Equation....................................................................................16 a) Risk versus Hazard..............................................................................................18 b) Exposure Parameters...........................................................................................19 c) Chemical/Physical Properties ...............................................................................22 d) Toxicity Values....................................................................................................29 2. Soil Saturation Limits................................................................................................30 3. Acute Toxicity..........................................................................................................31 Page 2 of 128 DERM Technical Report – October 20, 2000 a) Barium ................................................................................................................36 b) Cadmium.............................................................................................................37 c) Copper ...............................................................................................................38 d) Cyanide...............................................................................................................39 e) Fluoride...............................................................................................................40 f) Nickel.................................................................................................................42 g) Phenol.................................................................................................................43 h) Vanadium............................................................................................................44 i) Summary of Residential CTLs Based on Acute Toxicity........................................45 j) Caveats in the Acute Toxicity Analysis .................................................................46 C. Leachability-based Soil CTLs based in Groundwater Criteria..........................................48 1. Leachability Equation...............................................................................................48 a) Input Parameters .................................................................................................48 b) Leachability of Metals..........................................................................................49 c) Laboratory Leaching Procedure...........................................................................49 D. Site-Specific Soil CTLs..................................................................................................50 1. Site-Specific Soil Characteristics ..............................................................................50 2. TRPH Speciation.....................................................................................................53 3. Other Site Characteristics.........................................................................................55 E. Special Cases ................................................................................................................57 1. Ammonia .................................................................................................................57 2. Lead........................................................................................................................60 a) Residential...........................................................................................................60 b) Industrial.............................................................................................................60 3. Methyl mercury........................................................................................................64 4. Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs).......................................................................................65 V. Toxicological Interactions Among Chemicals.........................................................................66 VI. Caveats and Uncertainties ....................................................................................................70 Page 3 of 128 DERM Technical Report – October 20, 2000 VII. References...........................................................................................................................71 VIII. References Available Via the Internet:...................................................................................76 IX. List of Acronyms and Definitions ..........................................................................................78 X. Appendix A. Derivation of Body Weight, Dermal Surface Area, and Inhalation Rate Estimates...............................................................................................................84 A. Introduction...................................................................................................................84 B. Description of NHANES III...........................................................................................86 1. Body weights...........................................................................................................87 2. Surface areas...........................................................................................................88 3. Inhalation rates.........................................................................................................91 XI. Appendix B: Derivation of Inhalation and Dermal Toxicity Values........................................106 A. Inhalation Toxicity Values.............................................................................................106 1. Reference Dose (RfD)............................................................................................106 2. Slope Factor (SF)..................................................................................................107 B. Dermal Toxicity Values ................................................................................................108 1. Reference Dose (RfD)............................................................................................108 2. Cancer Slope Factor (SF)......................................................................................108 XII. Appendix C: Technical Basis for TRPH CTLs ....................................................................110 A. Calculation of TRPH Fraction-Specific Physical Properties ...........................................111 B. Derivation of TRPH Fraction Toxicological Values........................................................114 C. Derivation of TRPH CTLs............................................................................................115