International Journal of Advanced Research and Development International Journal of Advanced Research and Development ISSN: 2455-4030 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.24 www.advancedjournal.com Volume 3; Issue 1; January 2018; Page No. 354-357 Saga of Bengal partition Rakesh Kumar M.Phil Scholar, Department of History, MDU, Rohtak, Haryana, India Abstract The partition of Bengal and subsequent Swadeshi and Boycott movement opened a new episode in the history of freedom movement of India. Though the movement started in Bengal it spread all over India. Starting from Bengal the agitation spread like wild fire in cities, towns and even villages where housewives, students and people of every corner in life participated to protest against the divisive policy of the Raj which was unprecedented in Indian history. A remarkable aspect of the movement was the widespread student participation all over Bengal, and in several other parts of India. The students showed the greatest enthusiasm and created Swadeshi spirit in Bengal and also India. This movement had left a deep impact on literature, music, art, science and education of Bengal as well as India. The patriotism, sacrifice and courage of the students earned great respect from the common people. Keywords: British rule, partition, patriotism, sacrifice, swadeshi Introduction festivals, representation on consultative and legislative One of the most unpopular and terrible measure of the British organisations, education and government employment but Indian Government was the Partition of Bengal in 1905. Lord they remained only small frictions but never caused any great Curzon came to India (1899-1905) with a strong communal disharmony. The Muslim society in general before determination to curtail the rising tide of nationalism. The 1906 was a backward one, full of discriminations among Calcutta Corporation Act (1899), The Indian Universities Act themselves, divided in classes based on social and economic (1904) and The Official Secrets Act (1904) were some of the stand-points. The lower class Muslims were looked down measures through which Curzon sought to curb the growing upon by the elite Muslims and social contact was avoided as nationalistic and patriotic spirit. One of the main objects of the much as possible. In retrospect, the elite Muslims had more in partition of Bengal was to break up the unity of the people of common with the moneyed Hindu upper class than with Bengal. Lord Curzon divided the territories of Bengal in such Muslim lower class. a way that the western part of Bengal including Bihar, Chhota In spite of the day-to-day contacts, there was almost no way of Nagpur and Orissa formed the Hindu majority and the eastern integration between Hindus and Muslims. Therefore, part of Bengal including North Bengal and Assam formed the ignorance and indifference prevailed. No conscious effort was Muslim majority area. The plan of partition announced in made by any of the two communities to understand and newspapers on 20th July 1905, and finally became operational sympathise with each other’s inherent lifestyle, traits and on 16th October 1905. The partition of Bengal produced cultures. Moreover, the attitudes of many religious and tremendous anti-British reaction among the Bengalis. The communal Hindus as well as of Muslims made any way of partition of Bengal and subsequent Swadeshi movement communication between the two impossible. Perhaps the opened a new episode in the history of freedom movement of greatest discrimination lied in the field of government jobs, India. Though the movement started in Bengal it spread all educational opportunities and in agrarian opportunities. over India. Starting from Bengal the agitation spread like wild Although no obvious hostility was in view for any particular fire in cities, towns and even villages where housewives, person, a general dislike for Muslims always brewed in the students and people of every corner in life participated to minds of the Hindus, as they were the one-time rulers. Stories protest against the divisive policy of the Raj with zeal quite were heard and spread about Muslim domination and unprecedented in Indian history. A remarkable aspect of the oppression on one hand, and heroic Hindu rebellion against movement was the widespread student participation all over them on the other. As a result, such a passive hostility is Bengal, and in several other parts of India [1]. The students natural. But whatever was the situation, a more or less showed the greatest enthusiasm and created Swadeshi spirit in peaceful co-existence between Hindus and Muslims was Bengal and also India during the agitation. always witnessed in Bengal prior to the partition. Hindu-Muslim relation in Bengal before 1900 Towards partition Before 1906 Hindu-Muslim conflict in Bengal was rarely seen Lord Curzon became the viceroy of India in 1899. He was and as compared to the other states of India. There were reports of able and efficient administrator. Finding Bengal Presidency stray incidents regarding cow-slaughter, religious and social equivalent to France with significantly a large population for 354 International Journal of Advanced Research and Development one governor to administer, the then Viceroy of India, Lord protests, boycotts and even an assassination attempt against Curzon got it split into two, East and West Bengal, apparently the Governor of the new province of West Bengal. They to promote effective administration. Over the years the eastern launched a mass agitation, declaring October 16 as a day of region remained neglected and under-governed. The split was mourning in Calcutta and patterned the ‘Swadeshi Movement aimed at an improved administration to subsequently benefit [4]’ against the British as the Chinese once boycotted the population in east Bengal with new schools and American goods. ‘Band-i-Mataram’ was raised to charge the employment opportunities. The province of Bengal had an Hindu sentiment to protect worship of lord Shivaji as a area of 489,500 sq. km. and a population of over 80 million. national hero. This organized anarchist movement took a Eastern Bengal was almost isolated from the western part by terrorist turn resulting in political sabotage and communal geography and poor communications. In 1874 Assam, riots across the country. In 1906, Rabindranath Tagore wrote including Sylhet, was severed from Bengal to form a Chief- “Amar Shonar Bangla” (Golden Bengal} as a rallying mantra valen Bengal with this large population the new province for proponents of annulment of partition, which, much later, in named Eastern Bengal and Assam with Dhaka as its capital 1972, ironically became the national anthem of Bangladesh. and subsidiary headquarters at Chittagong. Its area would be Partition barely lasted half a decade, before it was annulled in ‘106,540 sq. miles with a population of 31 million, where 18 1911. million would be Muslims and 12 million Hindus [2]’. Administration would consist of a Legislative Council, a Turmoil during partition Board of Revenue of two members, and the jurisdiction of the The peaceful anti-partition demonstration at the very Calcutta High Court would be left undisturbed. The beginning was joined by the Hindus and Muslims alike and in government pointed out that Eastern Bengal and Assam would vast proportions. It started two main types of movements side have a clearly demarcated western boundary and well defined by side. The first one called for an absolute boycott of using geographical, ethnological, linguistic and social foreign goods and the other promoted the production and use characteristics. The government of India promulgated their of things made in the country. Both were welcomed with an final decision in a resolution dated July 19, 1905. overwhelming response. The “Swadeshi” and the “Boycott” After the announcement of partition of Bengal, the Dawn movements inspired the Muslims and Hindus alike and they Society convened a meeting in which Satish Chandra took part in it in large numbers. On 23 September, 1905 in a Mukherjee, Rabindranath Tagore and Hirendranath Datta were Muslim meeting three resolutions were taken: i) offering their present. Satish Chandra urged the students to sever connection support to the Hindus against partition, ii) joining the Hindus with the official university and boycott its exams. They also in matters other than the partition, iii) strong support for demanded the immediate establishment of a National the use of swadeshi goods. Even a particular Muslim landlord University to promote national education3. And the partition asked his Muslim subjects not to believe the Government of Bengal was affected on October 16 of the same year. The promise of benefits for their support in the new Province. province of Bengal and Assam came into being on October On the day of the partition, a Rakhi Bandhan ceremony was 16, 1905 through a Proclamation. Incidentally, the partition observed all over Bengal as suggested by Rabindranath went in favor of the Muslims. Before the partition, West Tagore. It stood for the symbol of the unity of the Bengali Bengal, being the first area to come under western influence, people. There was no cooking in any house of Bengal. People was developed and industrialized. It was a striking contrast to practised abstinence as that day was marked as a day of the eastern part where the Muslim peasantry was crushed mourning. From early morning huge pro-cessions marched on under the Hindu landlords, the river system was infested with the roads of Calcutta. The high nationalist sentiments that it pirates, and very few funds were allocated for education. It evoked, made the British afraid of a possible upraise against was dreaded as a place of banishment. The partition helped their rule. boost Bengali literature and language; efforts were also made Precautionary measure was to be taken against the Swadeshi towards the social, economic and educational uplift of the Movement and soon. Besides using the police to terrorize the Muslims.