Doktorska Disertacija

Doktorska Disertacija

UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Gospava Lazić PRISUSTVO I RAŠIRENOST VIRUSA ŽIVOTINJA I LJUDI U POVRŠINSKIM VODAMA VOJVODINE - DOKTORSKA DISERTACIJA - Novi Sad, 2016. „Prisustvo i raširenost virusa životinja i ljudi u površinskim vodama Vojvodine“ Gospava Lazić - Doktorska disertacija SADRŽAJ Lista fotografija ...................................................................................................................................i Lista tabela.........................................................................................................................................iii Lista skraćenica..................................................................................................................................iv 1 UVOD ............................................................................................................................. 10 2 PREGLED LITERATURE ..................................................................................................... 13 2.1 KVALITET I ULOGA VODE U PRIRODI ....................................................................... 14 2.2 KONTAMINACIJA POVRŠINSKIH VODA ................................................................... 15 2.3 PRENOŠENJE VIRUSA VODOM ............................................................................... 16 2.4 KARAKTERISTIKE NAJČEŠĆIH VIRUSNIH KONTAMINENATA POVRŠINSKIH VODA ...... 18 2.4.1 Adenoviridae ......................................................................................................... 18 2.4.2 Caliciviridae .......................................................................................................... 24 2.4.3 Polyomaviridae ..................................................................................................... 26 2.4.4 Hepeviridae ........................................................................................................... 28 2.4.5 Picornaviridae ....................................................................................................... 31 2.5 PRISUSTVO I RAŠIRENOST VIRUSA U VODI ............................................................. 34 2.5.1 Virusi ljudi ............................................................................................................. 37 2.5.1.1 Humani adenovirusi ............................................................................ 37 2.5.1.2 Norovirusi ........................................................................................... 39 2.5.1.3 Hepatitis A virus .................................................................................. 41 2.5.2 Virusi životinja ...................................................................................................... 44 2.5.2.1 Adenovirusi svinja ............................................................................... 44 2.5.2.2 Poliomavirus goveda .......................................................................... 45 2.5.3 Zoonotski virusi..................................................................................................... 47 2.5.3.1 Hepatitis E virus .................................................................................. 47 2.6 UTVRĐIVANJE PRISUSTVA VIRUSA U VODI ............................................................. 50 2.7 UKLANJANJE VIRUSA ŽIVOTINJA I LJUDI IZ VODE .................................................... 57 2.8 DIREKTIVE I ZAKONI U SRBIJI.................................................................................. 59 2.8.1 Okvirna direktiva o vodama ................................................................................. 60 2.8.2 Zakon o zaštiti životne sredine ............................................................................. 60 2.8.3 Zakon o vodama ................................................................................................... 62 3 CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA .......................................................................................................... 63 4 MATERIJAL I METODE ..................................................................................................... 65 4.1 Uzorci površinskih voda ......................................................................................... 66 4.1.1 Uzorci vode reke Dunav ........................................................................................ 68 4.1.2 Uzorci vode reke Krivaja ....................................................................................... 73 4.1.3 Uzorci vode kanala Dunav-Tisa-Dunav ................................................................. 77 4.1.4 Uzorci vode Palićkog jezera .................................................................................. 81 4.1.5 Uzorci vode reke Tisa ............................................................................................ 82 4.1.6 Uzorci vode reke Jegrička ..................................................................................... 83 4.1.7 Uzorci vode reke Begej ......................................................................................... 84 4.1.8 Uzorci vode Specijalnog rezervata prirode Obedska bara ................................... 85 4.1.9 Uzorci vode reke Sava .......................................................................................... 86 „Prisustvo i raširenost virusa životinja i ljudi u površinskim vodama Vojvodine“ Gospava Lazić - Doktorska disertacija 4.1.10 Uzorci vode Rakovačkog potoka ........................................................................... 88 4.1.11 Uzorci vode Velikog bačkog kanala ...................................................................... 88 4.1.12 Uzorci vode KCIII kanala ....................................................................................... 89 4.1.13 Uzorci vode iz uređaja za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda (UPOV) Sombor ............ 90 4.1.14 Kanalizaciona voda u mestu Odžaci ..................................................................... 92 4.1.15 Uzorci vode iz uređaja za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda (UPOV) Subotica ........... 93 4.2 Metode ................................................................................................................. 96 4.2.1 Priprema uzoraka i koncentrovanje virusa iz uzoraka vode ................................. 96 4.2.2 Ekstrakcija nukleinskih kiselina ............................................................................. 98 4.2.3 Real-time PCR (qPCR) i real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) ............................................ 99 4.2.4 Lančana reakcija polimeraze (PCR), RT-PCR i nested PCR .................................. 102 4.2.5 Sekvenciranje ...................................................................................................... 106 4.2.6 Statistička obrada podataka ............................................................................... 107 5 REZULTATI .................................................................................................................... 108 5.1 Rezultati utvrđivanja prisustva virusa real-time PCR i real-time RT-PCR metodama 109 5.1.1 Prisustvo humanih adenovirusa ......................................................................... 111 5.1.2 Prisustvo norovirusa genogrupe II ...................................................................... 113 5.1.3 Prisustvo norovirusa genogrupe I ....................................................................... 116 5.1.4 Prisustvo adenovirusa svinja .............................................................................. 118 5.1.5 Prisustvo poliomavirusa goveda ......................................................................... 120 5.1.6 Prisustvo hepatitis E virusa ................................................................................. 123 5.1.7 Prisustvo hepatitis A virusa ................................................................................ 125 5.1.8 Prevalenca virusa po ispitanim lokalitetima ....................................................... 126 5.1.9 Prevalenca virusa po ispitanim površinskim vodama ......................................... 128 5.2 Rezultati utvrđivanja prisustva virusa RT-PCR metodom ....................................... 130 5.2.1 Rezultati RT-PCR testa na prisustvo NoV ............................................................ 130 5.3 Rezultati utvrđivanja prisustva virusa PCR metodom ............................................ 131 5.3.1 Rezultati PCR testa na prisustvo HAdV ............................................................... 131 5.3.2 Rezultati PCR testa na prisustvo BPyV ................................................................ 132 5.3.3 Rezultati PCR testa na prisustvo PAdV ............................................................... 132 5.4 Rezultati utvrđivanja prisustva virusa nested PCR metodom ................................. 133 5.4.1 Rezultati nested PCR testa na prisustvo BPyV .................................................... 133 5.4.2 Rezultati nested PCR testa na prisustvo PAdV ................................................... 134 5.4.3 Rezultati nested PCR testa na prisustvo HEV ..................................................... 135 5.5 Rezultati sekvenciranja ........................................................................................ 136 5.5.1 Rezultati sekvenciranja dela gena za protein kapsida HAdV .............................. 136 5.5.2 Rezultati sekvenciranja dela gena RdRp/capsid NoV ........................................

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