Vi ste Partiju izdale onda kada je trebalo da joj pomognete ženski politički logor na svetom grguru i golom otoku women’s political prison camp on sveti grgur and You goli otok islands Betrayed the Party Just When You Should Have Helped It Vi ste Partiju izdale onda kada je trebalo da joj pomognete ženSki politički logor na Svetom grguru autorica / author i golom Andreja Kulunčić otoku Suradnice / collaboratorS women’S Renata Jambrešić Kirin, Dubravka Stijačić political priSon camp on Sveti grgur and goli otok You iSlandS Betrayed the Party Just When You Should Have urednice / editorS Irena Bekić, Renata Jambrešić Kirin, Andreja Kulunčić Helped It Sadržaj Contents Istraživačko-aktivistički umjetnički projekt The art project of Andreja Kulunčić “You Betrayed 7 7 Andreje Kulunčić „Vi ste Partiju izdale onda kada the Party Just When You Should Have Helped It”, je trebalo da joj pomognete“ tematizira žensko which involves activism and research, takes up the Preodgoj žena na Svetom Grguru The Reeducation of Women on the stradanje na Golom otoku i Svetom Grguru, o theme of the suffering of women on Goli Otok and i Golom otoku – moralna korupcija islands Grgur and Goli – Moral Corruption čemu se još uvijek izuzetno malo govori. Projekt Sveti Grgur, of which there is still extremely little i ideološka indoktrinacija and Ideological Indoctrination je nastao u suradnji s antropologinjom Rena- discussion. The project was created in collaboration Renata JambRešić KiRin Renata JambRešić KiRin tom Jambrešić Kirin i psihoterapeutkinjom with anthropologist Renata Jambrešić Kirin and the Dubravkom Stijačić, u organizaciji udruge Goli psychotherapist Dubravka Stijačić, and was organized otok „Ante Zemljar“ i udruge MAPA, s fokusom by the Ante Zemljar Goli Otok Association and the 25 25 na propitivanje pozicije žena, koje niti danas association MAPA. The focus was placed on exam- Prostorna intervencija na lokalitetu Spatial intervention at the site nisu ravnopravno prisutne u javnom diskursu o ining the position of women, who not even today are totalitarnom nasilju i otporima istom, u Jugo- equally present in public discourse about the totali- slaviji početkom hladnog rata. Cilj je projekta, tarian violence and the resistance to it in Yugoslavia 35 35 istraživanjem i uspostavljanjem ženske memorije at the beginning of the Cold War. The objective of the Političke zatvorenice Women political prisoners traumatične prošlosti kroz prostornu umjetničku project was to research into and set down women’s intervenciju, izložbu, web-stranicu, publikaciju memories of the traumatic past as a spatial artistic te niz radionica i razgovora, otvoriti novi oblik intervention, exhibition, as a Web site, a publication 53 53 suočavanja s prostorom dehumanizacije. and a series of workshops and talks, to open up a Vi ste Partiju izdale onda kada You Betrayed the Party Just When Nasilna, destruktivna i mizogina biopolitika u new form of confronting a space of dehumanisation. je trebalo da joj pomognete You Should Have Helped It logoru za političke zatvorenice koja je sustavno The violent, destructive and misogynous bio-poli- – dekonstrukcija jedne amnezije – the deconstruction of an amnesia napadala reproduktivno zdravlje kažnjenica, tics in the camp for women political prisoners that iRena beKić iRena beKić isključivala njihove spolne specifičnosti i u isto systematically attacked the reproductive health of vrijeme okretala zatvorenice jedne protiv drugih, the convicts, excluded their sexual specificity and rezultirala je dubokom traumom i dugogodiš- at the same time turned the convicts against each 71 71 njom šutnjom žena o golootočkom iskustvu. other, resulted in profound traumas and the many Biografije Biographies Stoga je u fokusu projekta rastvoriti narative koji years of silence of the women about their Goli Otok su ostali na margini glavnih povijesnih linija. experience. Therefore, the focus of the project is to open up narratives that have remained on the 76 76 margins of historical mainstream. Produkcija projekta Project production Vi ste Pariju izdale onda kada You Betrayed the Party Just When Vi ste Pariju izdale onda kada You Betrayed the Party Just When je trebalo da joj pomognete You Should Have Helped It 6 je trebalo da joj pomognete You Should Have Helped It 7 Renata Preodgoj žena na The Reeducation of Jambrešić Svetom Grguru Women on the islands Kirin i Golom otoku – Grgur and Goli – Moral moralna korupcija i Corruption and Ideological ideološka indoktrinacija Indoctrination Goli otok i Sveti Grgur najkraće možemo opisati We can best describe Goli Otok and Sveti Grgur as kao mjesta represivne destaljinizacije. Nastali su sites of repressive destalinisation. They were created 1949. kao odgovor KPJ na raskid Tita i Staljina s in 1949, as the Yugoslav Communist Party’s answer namjerom „preodgoja“ nelojalnih i kritici novog to the break between Tito and Stalin, with the in- režima sklonih članova. Kako staljinistička narav tention of “re-educating” those members who were i silina represivnog djelovanja jugoslavenskih politically disloyal or critical. As the Stalinist nature službi sigurnosti prema vlastitim građanima nisu and the vehemence of the repressive activities of otkriveni sve do raspada socijalističke Jugo- the Yugoslav security apparatus against their own slavije početkom 1990-ih, značenje tog raskola citizens remained concealed until the dissolution of ostaje ambivalentno, negirano ili potiskivano u Socialist Yugoslavia a few decades later, the meaning zajedničkoj kolektivnoj svijesti. Naime, Titovo NE of this break had remained ambivalent, denied or Rezoluciji Informbiroa u ljetu 1948. godine čin je repressed in the common collective consciousness. iznimne hrabrosti i suprotstavljanja Staljinovoj Tito’s “NO” to the 1948 Cominform Resolution was an hegemoniji, ali i okidač kampanji političkog te- act of exceptional courage and opposition to Stalin’s rora uz pomoć kojeg su sigurnosne službe kršile hegemony, yet it also triggered a campaign of political zakone, oduzimale građanska prava i negirale terror in which the state’s secret services broke laws, etičke principe komunističkog djelovanja koje stripped people of their civil rights and denied the društvo mijenja nabolje tako što mijenja i eman- ethical principles of Communist action, which claims cipira individuu. Ni sedamdeset godina poslije to change the society for the better by changing and ovo razdoblje represije nije valorizirano, kao što emancipating the individual. Even seventy years later, ne postoji konsenzus o potrebi spomeničke za- there is still no consensus neither on the need to štite Golog otoka niti o memorijalnoj gesti kojom protect Goli Otok as a landmark, nor on a memorial bi se obilježilo postojanje komunističkog logora gesture to mark the existence of a Communist camp za preodgoj neistomišljenika (1949.–1956.). for re-educating dissidents (1949-1956). Titova ideja kako ibeovce 1 treba slomiti, a ne Tito’s idea, that Cominformists 1 should be broken, not ubiti,2 otvara, osim ustaljenih logorskih metoda, killed,2 opened the path not only for the tried and uvođenje niza golootočkih specifičnosti, pogo- tested methods of internment in camps, but also tovo prema ženama. Kao penološki sustav sa for the introduction of a series of elements specific Vi ste Pariju izdale onda kada You Betrayed the Party Just When Vi ste Pariju izdale onda kada You Betrayed the Party Just When je trebalo da joj pomognete You Should Have Helped It 8 je trebalo da joj pomognete You Should Have Helped It 9 svrhom izolacije i neutralizacije („psihičkog sla- to Goli Otok, especially when it came to the camps’ se oblikovalo kolektivističko društvo samo su se incarceration and subjugation in the Balkans of those manja“) političkih neistomišljenika i osoba sklo- female inmates. As a penal system with the objective prilagodili logorskim uvjetima. Obrasci agitpro- who are weaker along gender, class and ideological nih kritičkom pristupu novoj vlasti, imao je niz of isolating and neutralising (“psychologically break- povske kulture („politički časovi, čitalačke gru- lines, political indoctrination was the product of a poveznica s fašističkim logorima na talijanskim ing”) political opponents and people with a penchant pe, mitinzi, igranke, parole“)7 bili su usmjereni new era and new means of mass communication. The otocima, s nacističkim radnim logorima i sta- towards taking critical view of the new authorities, na normiranje socijalističkog čovjeka uz pomoć rituals and cultural practices that were used to shape ljinističkim gulazima, ali i logorima za društve- it had a number of similarities to the Fascist camps autocenzure, autokorekcije i autoregulacije the collectivist society were merely adapted to camp no-korisni rad i preodgoj kakve poslije nalazimo on Italian islands, Nazi labour camps, and Stalinist tjelesnog ponašanja i mišljenja, jednako kao i conditions. The patterns of agitprop culture (“politi- u Kini, prije i poslije proleterske kulturne revo- gulags, as well as camps for socially beneficial labour poticanjem na zajedništvo i ponos pobjednika cal lessons, reading groups, meetings, dance parties, lucije, kao i u drugim zemljama istočnog bloka.3 and re-education of the sort we would encounter iz Drugog svjetskog rata. U logorima je, baš songs”)7 aimed at creating a normative Socialist man Na Svetom Grguru i na Golom otoku (Radilište before and during the Chinese cultural revolution kao i na radnim akcijama, težak rad pratilo with the help of self-censorship, self-correction and V) naizmjenično