1 Engineering Design 100 Project 2: The Warless Summer: Siege Engine and Castle Models Engineering Guild E Stephen Dule, Nicholas Moose, Braden Rosemas & Cameron Tolas Professor Cox Pennsylvania State University 2 Contents: 1. Abstract……………………………………………………………………...….. 3 2. Existing Conditions………………………………………………………...… 4-9 a. Introduction…………………………………………………………...... 5 b. Our Definition of Siege Engines and Castles……………………...... 4-5 c. History of Siege Engines and Castles up to the Middle Ages…….... 5-7 d. Economy of Fiefs…………………………………………………...… 7-8 e. People we are goin to use and their jobs………………………...….. 8-9 f. Stakeholders and their needs…………………………………...……... 9 g. Summary………………………………………………………………... 9 3. Methods……………………………………………………………………. 10- 16 a. Introduction…………………………………………………………… 10 b. Conceptualizing Approach………………………………………... 10-11 c. Assessment Criteria……………………………………………….. 12-15 d. Specifications………………………………………………………….. 15 e. Ranking Chart…………………………………………………….…... 16 f. Summary………………………………………………………………. 17 4. Data Analysis………………………………………………………………. 17-24 a. Introduction………………………………………………………....….17 b. Final Prototypes………………………………………………........ 17-21 c. Prediction of Performance………………………………………... 21-22 d. Comparison of Predicted Performance to Actual Performance.. 22-23 e. Summary…………………………………………………………... 23-24 5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 24-27 6. Works Cited…………………………………………………………….…….. 28 List of Figures: 1. Sketches of Castle…………………………………………………………….. 12 2. Final Prototype of Ballista…………………………………………….….….. 18 3. Final Prototype of Catapult……………………………………………...…... 20 List of Tables: 1. Stakeholder Table……………………………………………………………... 9 2. Specifications Tables………………………………………………….……… 15 3. Ranking Tables………………………………………………………..……… 16 3 Abstract: An engineering team consisting of Stephen Dule, Nicholas Moose, Braden Rosemas & Cameron Tolas have been assigned to build a model siege engine and castle for our engineering design class. The task arose from the lead stakeholder, the Queen, who has commanded that the neighboring fiefs in her dominion cease the annual summer fighting. The Queen is planning on invading her neighboring countries because of an omen that suggested an invasion. So in order to make sure she will have enough men, and food, she called off the fighting. However the Fief bosses have quickly come up with an alternative to the actual fighting and decided on using the models of the siege engines and castles that their engineers make and put them up against one another. This alternative is mainly based on gambling and a point system. Points will be accumulated from how well our siege engine and a castle do when facing other models in the field. Our siege engine will be designed around middle age engines such as Ballistas, Catapults, Falaricas, Mangonels, Onagers, Springals, and Trebuchets. Our engineering team has sat down and decided on making a Ballista and a Catapult that has three crevices allowing us to throw multiple projectiles at once. These engines will be built around the main goals of destruction, reliability, and ease of use, as points will be accumulated through these factors. The Castle will be designed around the principle of angled walls, as they are less likely to be penetrated and destroyed by enemy fire. Its main purpose will be to survive multiple attacks from enemy siege engines, as we will receive more points if our structure receives minor damage. In this report we will be going over several things the first of which are the existing conditions. In this part of the report we are going to define several things as well as identify the stakeholders and all of their possible needs. Preceding this is the methods section, where we discuss our approach to each of our structures, outline what they need to do. In addition to this 4 we will make specification and ranking charts. After this we will have our data analysis section where we explain how our structures work, what they are made from and how our castle is laid out. We will also write about how we predict how our siege engine will perform in the field and finally compare that to how it actually did. After several days, we successfully completed construction on our engines and castle as well as test. them in the field. The results of the field test lead us to say that we have achieved success, as we were able to cause major damage to our opponents castles. During the field testing we were able to breach several walls and make a lot of shots enter our opponents courtyard. In addition to this our castle withstood several harsh rounds of bombardment, and came out with minimal damage and breaches. Keywords: Siege Engine, Castle, Middle Ages, Ballistas, Catapults, Falaricas, Mangonels, Onagers, Springals, Trebuchets, Motte-and-Bailey, Keep Existing Conditions Introduction: In this section of the report we will focus on our definitions of siege engines, and castles. In addition to this we will discuss the history of these objects, the economy of fiefs, identify certain people we will need and determine all the needs for each stakeholder. Our Definition of Siege Engines and Castles Siege Engine- Our team defines a siege engine as a giant mobile weapon or structure that is capable of doing major damage to people, and buildings. Siege engines can achieve this goal by throwing or shooting projectiles that can be sharp, or heavy over a long distance. Or they can 5 achieve this by being able to carry a large amount of people at once over a wall so they can enter the enemy's fortress. Castle- Our team has defined a castle as a large structure usually made of rocks and cement, which is surrounded by an outer wall. In addition to this they have strong fortifications making it very hard for invading forces to enter, or attack it. This is done by digging a moat around the castle or building it on a mountain so that the ground is uneven preventing siege engines and enemy forces from being very effective. They also symbolize wealth and power as noblemen mainly lived in them. Siege Engines and Castles in the Middle Ages- Siege Engines- During the middle ages siege engines were more suffocated, reliable, and effective than their earlier counterparts (Campbell, 2003). The types of engines built in the middle ages were Ballistas, Catapults, Falaricas, Trebuchets/Mangonels, and Onagers. Ballistas are giant crossbows that shoot arrow like projectiles by using string torsion, however they were mainly used as a defense engine. Catapults are wooden structures that can hurl projectiles over long distances as a arm in the middle has a bowl at the end which houses projectiles. The arm is bent and then thrusted forward using a weight system, the arm then hits something when it is almost perpendicular to the base causing the projectiles to hurl towards the enemy. Falaricas are heavy javelins that have a sharp narrow tip, which can pierce armor. This weapon could also be applied with flammable materials allowing it to set enemy siege engines on fire. Trebuchets, know as mangonels in the middle ages, are beam-sling weapons that can hurl rocks, and containers filled with flammable material. They were mainly used to damage castle walls as the fire would deteriorate the cement holding the wall together. Finally Onagers are a type of 6 catapult that uses torsional pressure, by twisting a rope which created the energy to throw projectiles (Ramsey, 2016). Castles- During the middle ages castles mainly came in the form of giant structures surrounded by a wall, and denoted that someone of wealth, political or religious importance lived there. They were built all over Europe, and the Middle East during the middle ages as demand for them rose due to the fall of the Roman Empire. The first european castles were built by the Anglo-Saxons between the first and third century. They were basic structures, mostly made of wood and stone. Next the Normans began constructing castles as well, after conquering the Anglo-Saxons in the tenth century. They observed the early designs of these structures and decided to add to them, which resulted in the motte-and-bailey design. The motte is either a natural or man made mound that was raised about a hundred feet from the ground. On top of the hill was a keep, which was the stone or wooden wall covering the top structure and other living areas, meant to defend against incoming invaders. The bailey is the enclosed courtyard where the regular inhabitants lived (“A Brief History…”, 2017) The motte-and-bailey design was popular for the next few centuries. However in the 12th century the making of a shell keep formed, which was a keep that was on a lower level of the motte. This concept was mainly used in the 11th and 12th centuries as they built curtain walls, which were very tall stone keeps that surrounded the perimeter of the castle. Near the end of the 12th century, castles became a necessity for royal families. To accommodate this, castles became larger and stronger to block out large scale enemy attacks. This new design caused the keep to be replaced by a stronger defence, known as the barbican. This design included high walls and the placement of towers between a certain length of the wall. Overall it allowed for a better view of 7 the surrounding area allowing guards to see and warn if any attackers approached the castle. The curtain walls were designed as concentric figures and squares, which allowed the guards to have the best view (“A Brief History…”, 2017). By the 14th century many design changes were made, which improved the overall structure and safety of new castles. They were made into smaller structures called fortified manor houses. These houses had multiple layers of walls and towers, as well as a tower house that stood alone. They were not meant to withstand a battle as they were built more for show. This occurred because conflicts and battles had been decreasing and politics and society had advanced to the point where defensive castles were no longer a necessity (A Brief History…”, 2017).