Original Article Bangladesh Journal of Agriculture and Life Science Faculty of Agriculture, University of Rajshahi Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh Vol. 01(1): 41-46, 2020 www.ru.ac.bd/agriculture/journal Epidemiologic surveillance of Newcastle disease in Sonali chicken in Naogaon district, Bangladesh Md. Nazmul Haque1 and Md. Royhan Gofur*2 1Veterinary Surgeon (Badalgachhi, Naogaon), Department of Livestock Services, Bangladesh 2Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article History Newcastle disease (ND), an economically important disease, is one of the major Received: February 11, 2020 threats in poultry sector of Bangladesh. A retrospective epidemiologic Accepted: April 12, 2020 Online: October 25, 2020 surveillance using diagnostic records of Upazila Livestock Office, Badalgachhi, Naogaon was carried out to determine distribution and association of Newcastle disease in Sonali chicken with demographic and temporal variable in a calendar Keywords Newcastle disease year. ND cases in Sonali chicken were confirmed by post-mortem examination of Sonali chicken the sick and dead birds. During the study period, 168 cases of different diseases Surveillance in Sonali chicken were recorded in which 19% cases were ND. The prevalence Frequency Susceptibility rate of ND was 8.2%, the mortality rate was 0.6% and the CFR was 7.3%. Growing Sonali chickens were more susceptible than chicks. The highest susceptibility of ND was observed in 51-60 days’ age group and the lowest in 0-10 days’ age group. The highest ND cases were found on the starting of summer (22%) as well as winter season (19%). Among 32 ND cases, 14 (44%) from the farms were not taken schedule vaccination program. To minimize the risk of ND outbreaks and protect the non-infected flocks and regions, good biosecurity, hygienic management as well as proper vaccination are important. © 2020 Faculty of Agriculture, RU. All rights reserved. Introduction dynamic enterprise with enormous potential for rapid poverty reduction in Bangladesh. Poultry Bangladesh is an agro-based developing farming provides a substantial economic country and the growth and sustainability of contribution and generates self-employment agricultural production are prerequisite for opportunities for the unemployed youth attaining the rate of overall growth of the generation. A noticeable development has been economy. Livestock is an important sub-sector of taken place in poultry farming in Bangladesh agriculture (Gofur, 2015, 2019). Poultry is one of (Uddin et al., 2014). Commercial or intensive the major components of livestock sub-sectors poultry farming has now turned into a profitable that committed to supply cheap sources of good business in Bangladesh. Poultry industry in quality nutritious animal protein to the nation. Bangladesh has made significant progress during Poultry farming has turned out to be promising the last two decades where commercial poultry farming started in 1980 in Bangladesh. *Address of correspondence Chowdhury (2013) stated that commercial poultry Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences increased significantly during 1980-1990 (6%) and University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh. E-mail: [email protected] (Md. Royhan Gofur) 1990-2000 (8%) in this country. xxxx-xxxx; © 2020 Faculty of Agriculture, RU. All rights reserved. 42 Newcastle disease in Sonali chicken Sonali chicken, the crossbred of Fayoumi in a calendar year. Although it is not an exact female and RIR (Rhode Island Red) male reflection of conditions, data from such study will developed in 1986, has been reported to perform be conclusive and useful if extended to more than better with respect to egg and meat production, one calendar year (Gofur et al., 2007). rapid growth and low mortality under scavenging, semi-scavenging and intensive farming system Methods (Uddin et al., 2014). It was introduced in 1996– 2000 in North-Bengal of Bangladesh (Mitchel, A retrospective epidemiologic surveillance of 2015). It has been taking its place besides the the Newcastle disease in Sonali chicken was indigenous hens due to its adaptability and conducted at Badalgachhi upazila (Fig. 3) in acceptability in the climatic conditions of Naogaon, Bangladesh during one calendar year Bangladesh (Azharul et al., 2005). Sonali chicken (October/2018 to September/2019). ND positive are reared all over the country and reared for cases in Sonali chicken were confirmed by the mainly meat purpose (Hamid, 2019). Sonali, with a Upazila Livestock Officer & Veterinary Surgeon of phenotypic appearance similar to local chicken the Upazila Livestock Office, Badalgachhi, has higher market demand than exotic breed. As Naogaon through post-mortem examination of the an important segment of livestock production, the sick and dead birds. We collected the data of Sonali chicken industry in Bangladesh is sonali chicken from the poultry patient register of considered a great avenue for the economic Upazila Livestock Office, Badalgachhi, Naogaon growth and simultaneously creates numerous and analyzed with Microsoft excel. The incidence employment opportunities. About 76 percent of rate was calculated as per method of Thrusfield Sonali beneficiary has improved their conditions (2007). by rearing this type of poultry (Hossen et al., a. Determination of frequency of 2012). There are about 300 farmers who are different diseases: The data of Sonali rearing almost 10 lakh Sonali chickens in chicken found in poultry patient register of Badalgachhi upazila of Naogaon district (Personal Upazila Livestock Office, Badalgachhi, contact). Naogaon during the period of Newcastle disease (ND) is caused by October/2018 to September/2019 were Newcastle disease virus (NDV) which is actually collected and calculated for the frequency avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1), has caused & frequency rate of different diseases. severe economic losses in poultry all around the b. Determination of prevalence rate of world (Alexander, 2000; Narayanan et al., 2010). It ND: Prevalence rate of ND was calculated is a highly contagious viral infection of domestic by the number of sick birds of ND divided fowl, Sonali chicken, broiler and other bird species by the population at risk (i.e. the total like turkey, pigeons and parrots (Haque et al., number of birds in flock of different farms) 2010). It is also transmissible to human causing and was multiplied by 100. conjunctivitis (Nelson et al., 1952). It is a major threat to poultry industry that presents primarily c. Determination of mortality rate of as an acute respiratory disease, but depression, ND: Mortality rate of ND was calculated by nervous manifestations or diarrhea may be the the total number of dead birds of ND predominant clinical form (Narayanan et al., 2010; divided by the population at risk (i.e. the Parvez et al., 2016). The disease can vary from total number of birds in flock of different mild to severe. Severity depends on the virulence farms) and was multiplied by 100. of the infecting virus and host susceptibility. d. Determination of case fatality rate Occurrence of the disease is reportable and may (CFR) of ND: CFR of NDwas calculated result in trade restrictions. Virulent NDV strains by the total number of dead birds of ND are endemic in poultry in most of Asia, Africa and divided by the total number of sick birds of some countries of North and South America ND in flock of different farms and was (Chang and Dutch, 2012). Therefore a multiplied by 100. retrospective epidemiologic surveillance was e. Frequency of ND in relation of ages carried out to determinedistribution and association of Newcastle disease in Sonali of Sonali chicken, months and area chicken with demographic and temporal variable (different unions) was also determined by analyzing the obtained data. Haque and Gofur / Bangladesh J Agric Life Sci 1(2020) 41-46 43 Results indicates that grower Sonali chickens were more susceptible than chicks. The prevalence, the mortality and the case fatality rate of ND We performed a surveillance of the Newcastle disease in Sonali chicken which came to Upazila Livestock Office from different unions of Badalgachhi upazila in Naogaon, Bangladesh. The total population of Sonali chicken was 278200 in Badalgachhi upazila. Among this population, a total of 168 cases came to Upazila Livestock Office in which 15 diseases were recorded in different frequency (Table 1). Among the Fig. 1. Frequency of ND at different age groups of Sonali diseases, the highest prevalent disease was ND chicken; d, days which was about 19% (32 cases). The number of ND affected sick birds and dead birds were 22799 Occurrence of ND in relation to season of and 1663, respectively (Supplementary Table 1). the year The prevalence rate of ND was 8.2%, the mortality rate was 0.6% and the CFR was 7.3%. We also calculated the ND occurrence month- Table 1. Occurrence of diseases and their frequency in wise. It is known that April and May are the Sonali chicken hottest months, and December and January are No. of Frequency Sl no. Name of disease the coldest months in Bangladesh. We found case rate higher frequency of ND occurrence in these four 1 Pox 01 0.6% 2 Gout 01 0.6% 3 Indigestion 01 0.6% 4 Neoplastic disease 02 1.2% 5 Fowl cholera 04 2.4% 6 Colibacillosis 04 2.4% 7 Mycotoxicosis 06 3.6% 8 Salmonellosis 08 4.8% 9 Parasitic infestation 11 6.6% 10 Malnutrition 11 6.6% 11 CRD 19 11.3% 12 Enteritis 19 11.3% 13 IBD 23 13.7% 14 Coccidiosis 26 15.5% 15 ND 32 19% Total: 15 diseases 168 cases 100% Fig. 2. Frequency rate of ND in different months of study; 18 and 19 indicates year 2018 and 2019, respectively. Occurrence of ND in relation to age months than others months though the highest The age of ND affected Sonali chicken was in ND cases (22%) were found in the month of April between 9-58 days.