AMERICAN SAMOA CONSTITUTION REVISED CONSTITUTION OF AMERICAN SAMOA Article I Bill of Rights Section 1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, rights of assembly and petition. 2. No deprivation of life, liberty or property without due process. 3. Policy protective legislation. 4. Dignity of the individual. 5. Protection against unreasonable searchesand seizures. 6. Rights of an accused. 7. Habeas corpus. 8. Quartering of militia. 9. Imprisonment for debt. 10. Slavery prohibited. 11. Treason. 12. Subversives ineligible to hold public office. 13. Retroactive laws and bills of attainder. 14. Health, safety, morals and general welfare. 15. Education. 16. Unspecified rights and privileges and immunities. Article II The Legislature 1. Legislature. 2. Membership. 3. Qualifications of members. 4. Manner of election. 5. Elections. 6. Term of office. 7. Qualifications of electors. 8. Legislative sessions. 9. Enactment of law; vetoes. 10. Passage of bills. 11. Powers of each house. 12. Freedom from arrest. 13. Vacancies. 14. Public sessions. 15. Reading-Passage of bills. 16. Title 17. Amendments and revisions by reference. 18. Appointment to new offices. 19. Effective date of laws. 20. Legislative counsel 21. Quorum. 22. Qualifications and officers. 23. Adjourning Legislature. 24. Special or exclusive privileges not to be granted; local or special laws. 25. Compensation of the Legislature. Article III Judicial Branch 1. Judicial power. 2. Independence of the courts. 3. Appointments. Article IV Executive Branch 1. Appointments. 2. Governor. 3. Secretary. 4. Secretary of Samoan Affairs. 5. Militia and posse comitatus. 6. Executive regulations. 7. Supervision and control by Governor. 8. Annual report. 9. Pardoning power. 10. Recommendation of laws. 11. Appointment of officials. 12. Removal of officers; powers and duties of officers. 13. Publication of laws. Article V Miscellaneous 1. Officers. 2. Existing laws. 3. Amendments. 4. Revision of the Constitution. 5. Existing rights and liabilities. 6. Oaths. 7. Construction. 8. Provisions self-executing. 9. Seat of Government. 10. Political districts and counties. 11. Effective date. Whereas the Congress of the United States, in its Act of February 20, 1929, provided that until the Congress shall provide for the Government of the islands of American Samoa, all civil, judicial, and military powers shall be vested in such person or persons and exercised in such manner as the President of the United States shall direct; and Whereas by Executive Order No. 10264 the President of the United States directed that the Secretary of the Interior should take such action as may be necessary and appropriate and in harmony with applicable law, for the administration of civil government in American Samoa; and Whereas it is appropriate that, in the process of developing self- government, the people of American Samoa should enjoy certain rights and responsibilities inherent in the representative form of government; and Whereas it is desirable that these rights and responsibilities be clearly set forth in a Constitution, and the adoption of a Constitution is in harmony with applicable law; and Whereas the Constitution adopted in 1960 provided for a revision thereof: Now, therefore, this revised Constitution, having been ratified and approved by the Secretary of the Interior and having been approved by a Constitutional Convention of the people of American Samoa and a majority of the voters of American Samoa voting at the 1966 election, is established to further advance government of the people, by the people, and for the people of American Samoa. Article I Bill of Rights Section 1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, rights of assembly and petition. There shall be separation of church and government, and no law shall be enacted respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Section 2. No deprivation of life, liberty or property without due process. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Amendments: 1967 Section formerly provided for payment of compensation "before" the taking of property and for reversion to owner after 3 years of non-user. H.C.R. No. 45, 10th Leg. 1st Spec. Sess., requested Secty. of Int. to revise the section to its present form. This was done at the time of ratification and approval on June 2, 196 7. Case Notes: Due process clause does not require jury trial; however the Chief Justice may so provide by rule. Pelesasa v. Te'o, ASR (1978). Substantive due process is a fundamental right as such must be accorded litigants, nurses suspended by Personnel Advisory Board. Reed v. Personnel Advisory Board, ASR (1977). Section 3. Policy protective legislation. It shall be the policy of the Government of American Samoa to protect persons of Samoan ancestry against alienation of their lands and the destruction of the Samoan way of life and language, contrary to their best interests. Such legislation as may be necessary may be enacted to protect the lands, customs, culture, and traditional Samoan family organization of persons of Samoan ancestry, and to encourage business enterprises by such persons. No change in the law respecting the alienation or transfer of land or any interest therein, shall be effective unless the same be approved by two successive legislatures by a two-thirds vote of the entire membership of each house and by the Governor. Case Notes: Territory has compelling interest in preserving the lands of Samoa for Samoans; laws in conflict with U.S. not displaced. Craddick v. Territorial Registrar, ASR (1979). Cross-References: Government policy to protect persons against alienation of their lands. Treaty of Cession of Tutuila and Aunu'u. U.S. obligated to protect Samoan property rights. 14th Amendment, U.S. Constitution. Section 4. Dignity of the individual. The dignity of the individual shall be respected and every person is entitled to protection of the law against malicious and unjustifiable public attacks on the name, reputation, or honor of himself or of his family. Section 5. Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Evidence obtained in violation of this section shall not be admitted in any court. Section 6. Rights of an accused. No person shall be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or liberty; nor shall he be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; and the failure of the accused to testify shall not be commented upon nor taken against him. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial, to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and to have a copy thereof; to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Every man is presumed innocent until he is pronounced guilty by law, and no act of severity which is not reasonably necessary to secure the arrest of an accused person shall be permitted. All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties except where the judicial authorities shall determine that the presumption is great that an infamous crime, which term shall include murder and rape, has been committed and that the granting of bail would constitute a danger to the community. Bail shall be set by such judicial authorities. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted. Case Notes: Delay in setting trial is violative. Government of American Samoa v. Tapusoa,ASR (1979). "Double jeopardy" protection not violated where crime for which defendant pled guilty and was convicted, was considered a different offense rather than a lesser included part of same offense. A.S.G. v. Moafanua, 4 ASR 2d 33 (1987). Right to public trial not violated where courtroom cleared during testimony of juvenile victim in rape case where such exclusion was requested by victim to avoid describing sexual acts in front of family members. A.S.G. v. Masaniai 4 ASR2d 156 (1987) (mem). Section 7. Habeas corpus. The writ of habeas corpus shall be granted without delay and free of costs. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except by the Governor and then only when the public safety requires it in case of war, rebellion, insurrection or invasion. Section 8. Quartering of militia. No soldier or member of the militia shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner or the lawful occupant, nor in time of war, except in a manner prescribed by law. The military authority shall always be subordinate to the civil authority in time of peace. Section 9. Imprisonment for debt. There shall be no imprisonment for debt except in cases of fraud. Section 10. Slavery prohibited. Neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist in American Samoa. Section 11. Treason. Treason against the Government of American Samoa shall consist only in levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or a confession in open court.