Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19813-5 — Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union Edited by Cynthia M. Horne , Lavinia Stan Frontmatter More Information Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union In the twenty-five years since the Soviet Union was dismantled, the countries of the Former Soviet Union have faced different circumstances and responded dif- ferently to the need to acknowledge their communist past and redress the suffering of their people. While some have adopted transitional justice and accountability measures, others have chosen to reject them; these choices have directly affected state building and societal reconciliation efforts. This is the most comprehensive account to date of post-Soviet efforts to address, distort, ignore, or recast the past through the use, manipulation, and obstruction of transitional justice measures and memory politics initiatives. Editors Cynthia M. Horne and Lavinia Stan have gathered contributions from top scholars in the field, allowing the disparate postcommunist studies and transitional justice scholarly communities to come together and reflect on the past and its implications for the future of the region. Cynthia M. Horne is Professor of Political Science at Western Washington University. Lavinia Stan is Professor of Political Science at St. Francis Xavier University, Canada. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19813-5 — Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union Edited by Cynthia M. Horne , Lavinia Stan Frontmatter More Information Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union Reviewing the Past, Looking Toward the Future Edited by CYNTHIA M. HORNE Western Washington University LAVINIA STAN St Francis Xavier University © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19813-5 — Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union Edited by Cynthia M. Horne , Lavinia Stan Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06-04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107198135 DOI: 10.1017/9781108182171 © Cambridge University Press 2018 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2018 Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Horne, Cynthia Michalski, editor. | Stan, Lavinia, editor. Title: Transitional justice and the former Soviet Union : reviewing the past, looking toward the future / Edited by Cynthia M. Horne, Western Washington University, Lavinia Stan, St Francis Xavier University. Description: New York : Cambridge University Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017058593 | ISBN 9781107198135 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Transitional justice--Former Soviet republics. | Law reform—Social aspects--Former Soviet republics. Classification: LCC KLA470 .T73 2018 | DDC 340/.1150947—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017058593 ISBN 978-1-107-19813-5 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19813-5 — Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union Edited by Cynthia M. Horne , Lavinia Stan Frontmatter More Information Contents List of Figures page vii List of Tables ix List of Interviews xi List of Contributors xiii Acknowledgments xix Introduction 1 Cynthia M. Horne Part I. The Long Shadow of the Past 17 1 Limited Reckoning in the Former Soviet Union: Some Possible Explanations 19 Lavinia Stan 2 Challenges to Transitional Justice in Russia 45 Nanci Adler 3 Public Memory and Communist Legacies in Poland and Russia 66 Mark Kramer 4 Transitional Justice Attempts in Kazakhstan 88 Alexei Trochev 5 Historical Reckoning in Belarus 109 Nelly Bekus Part II. Transitional Justice Programs, Practices, and Legislation 133 6 Lustration in Ukraine and Democracy Capable of Defending Itself 135 Roman David v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19813-5 — Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union Edited by Cynthia M. Horne , Lavinia Stan Frontmatter More Information vi Contents 7 Between Politics and History: The Baltic Truth Commissions in Global Perspective 155 Onur Bakiner 8 Lustration: Temporal, Scope, and Implementation Considerations 177 Cynthia M. Horne 9 Transitional Justice and the Revision of History Textbooks: the 1932–1933 Famine in Ukraine 197 Lina Klymenko 10 Historical Politics and Court Redress in the Baltic States 216 Agata Fijalkowski Part III. Layered Pasts and the Politics of Denial 241 11 Confronting the Soviet and Post-Soviet Past in Georgia 243 Robert C. Austin 12 Transitional Justice Lessons from Moldova 263 Lavinia Stan 13 Confronting Multiple Pasts in Post-Soviet Armenia 282 Oana-Valentina Suciu 14 Learning from Serbian Failure: The Denial of Three Repressive Pasts 303 Nenad Dimitrijevic 15 Entangled History, History Education, and Affective Communities in Lithuania 323 Violeta Davoliuˉte˙ and Dovile˙ Budryte˙ 16 Conclusion: The Uses, Lessons, and Questions of Transitional Justice 345 Alexandra Vacroux Bibliography 363 Index 407 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19813-5 — Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union Edited by Cynthia M. Horne , Lavinia Stan Frontmatter More Information Figure 16.1 FSU transitional justice initiatives: a schematic view page 351 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19813-5 — Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union Edited by Cynthia M. Horne , Lavinia Stan Frontmatter More Information Tables 1.1 Transitional justice measures in the Baltic republics, 1987–2016 page 21 1.2 Transitional justice measures in other former Soviet states, 1987–2016 26 5.1 Selected Soviet legislative acts addressing political repression 113 5.2 Selected Belarusian legislative acts addressing political repression 116 9.1 Conceptualizations of the 1932–3 famine in Ukrainian school history textbooks 204 10.1 Votes in three cases from Baltic states 232 ix © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19813-5 — Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union Edited by Cynthia M. Horne , Lavinia Stan Frontmatter More Information Interviews Nanci Adler, personal interview with Arsenii Roginskii, Moscow, November 1, 2016 Nanci Adler, personal interview with Arsenii Roginskii, Moscow, October 31, 2016 Nanci Adler, personal interview with Arsenii Roginskii, Moscow, April 9, 2015 Nanci Adler, personal interview with Arsenii Roginskii, Moscow, April 8, 2015 Nanci Adler, personal interview with Semën Samuilovich Vilenskii, Moscow, November 18, 2003 Nanci Adler, personal interview with Semën Samuilovich Vilenskii, Moscow, October 30, 2011 Nelly Bekus, personal interview with Igor Kuznetsov, Minsk, August 28, 2016 Nelly Bekus, personal interview with Zinaida Tarasevich, Minsk, August 26, 2016 Dovile˙ Budryte˙, email communication with Rimantas Jokimaitis, Senior Specialist in the Ministry of Science and Education, February 7, 2017 Violeta Davoliuˉte˙, conversation with Arvydas Anušauskas, November 10, 2016, Vilnius Violeta Davoliuˉte˙, conversation with Markas Zingeris, September 24, 2016, Vilnius Violeta Davoliuˉte˙, conversation with Arkadijus Vinokuras, September 12, 2016, Vilnius Violeta Davoliuˉte˙, conversation with Ronaldas Racinskas, September 9, 2016, Vilnius xi © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19813-5 — Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union Edited by Cynthia M. Horne , Lavinia Stan Frontmatter More Information xii Interviews Violeta Davoliuˉte˙, personal interview with Aruˉnas Bubnys, September 8, 2016, Vilnius Violeta Davoliuˉte˙, personal communication with Birute˙ Burauskaite˙, May 13, 2014, Vilnius Mark Kramer, personal interview with Yakovlev, at International Democracy Foundation, Moscow, June 11, 2001 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19813-5 — Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union Edited by Cynthia M. Horne , Lavinia Stan Frontmatter More Information Contributors Nanci Adler is Director of Research and Head of Holocaust and Genocide Studies at the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust,