PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTION S OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. S e r ie s A. CONTAINING PAPERS OF A MATHEMATICAL OR PHYSICAL CHARACTER, VOL. 194. LONDON: PRINTED BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN’S LANE, W.C. |3rintm in (irbinnrg to fin Hlajfstg. 1900. [ iK ] CONTENTS. (A) VOL. 194. List of Illustrations....................................................................................................................................page v Advertisement .............................................................................................................................................. vii List of Institutions entitled to receive the Philosophical Transactions or Proceedings of the Royal Society....................................................................................................................................................... ix I. An Experimental Investigation of the Thermodynamical Properties of Super­ heated Steam.— On the Cooling of Saturated Steam by Free Expansion. By J ohn H . G r in d l e y , B.Sc ., Wh.Sc.Exhibition (1851) late Fellow of the Victoria University. Communicated by Professor O sborne R ey n o ld s, F.R.S. ..................................................................................................... page 1 II. A Comparison of Platinum and Gas Thincluding a Determination of the Boiling-Point of Sulphur on the Nitrogen Scale. An Account of Experi­ ments made in the Laboratory of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures at Sevres. By J oh n A l le n H a r k e r , D.S c., formerly Bishop Berkeley Fellow of Owens College, , Research Assistant at Observatory, and P ie r r e C h a p p u is , Ph.D., Savant Attache au Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres. Communicated by the Keiv Observatory C om m ittee................................................................................ 37 III. On the Propagation of Earthquake Motion to Great Distances. By II. D. O l d h a m , Geological Survey of India. Communicated by Sir R obert S. B a l l , F.R.S........................................................................................... 135 a 2 # [ *v ] IV. Impact with a Liquid Surface studied the aid of Instantaneous Photography By A. M. W o r t h i n g t o n , M . A . , F.R.Sand R. S . C o l e , M.A. 175 V. Gold-Aluminium Alloys. By C. T. H ey c o c k , and F. H . N e v il l e , F-R-S............................................................................................................ 201 VI. B a k e r i a n L e c t u r e .— The Specific Heats o f Metals, and the Relation of Specific Heat to Atomic Weight. By W. A. T il d e n , I).S c., , Professor of Chemistry in the Royal College of Science, London. an Appendix by Professor J oh n P e r r y , F.R.S. .................................................................. 233 VII. On the Association o f Attributes in with Illustrations from the Material o f the Childhood Society, B y G. U d n y Y u l e , formerly Assistant Professor o f Applied Mathematics, University College, London. Communicated by Professor K a r l P e a r so n , F.R.S............................... 257 VIII. The Ionization o f Dilute Solutions at the Freezing Point. By W. C. D. W h e t h a m , M.A., Fellow of Trinity College. Cambridge. Communicated by E. H. G r i f f i t h s , F.R.S............................................................................. 321 IX. Combinatorial Analysis.— The Foundations of a New Theory. By Major P. A. M a c M a h o n , D.Sc., F . R . S .............................................................. 361 Index to Volume . 387 [ V ] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate 1.—Drs. J. A. H a r k e r and P. C h a p p u is on a Comparison of Platinum and Gas Thermometers, including a Determination of the Boiling-Point of Sulphur on the Nitrogen Scale. An Account of Experiments made in the Laboratory of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures at Sevres. Plates 2-3.—Messrs. A. M. W o rth in g to n and R. S. C ole on Impact with a Liquid Surface studied by the aid of Instantaneous Photography.—Paper II. Plates 4 -5 .—Messrs. C. T. H eycock and F. H . N evtlle on Gold-Aluminium Alloys. Vll ADVERTISEMENT. T h e Committee appointed by the Royal Society to direct the publication of the Philosophical Transactions take this opportunity to acquaint the public that it fully appears, as well from the Council-books and Journals of the Society as from repeated declarations which have been made in several former Transactions, that the printing of them was always, from time to time, the single act of the respective Secretaries till the Forty-seventh Volume ; the Society, as a Body, never interesting themselves any further in their publication than by occasionally recommending the revival of them to some of their Secretaries, when, from the particular circumstances of their affairs, the Transactions had happened for any length of time to be intermitted. And this seems principally to have been done with a view to satisfy the public that their usual meetings were then continued, for the improvement of knowledge and benefit of mankind : the great ends of their first institution by the Boyal Charters, and which they have ever since steadily pursued. But the Society being of late years greatly enlarged, and their communications more numerous, it was. thought advisable that a Committee of their members should be appointed to reconsider the papers read before them, and select out of them such as they should judge most proper for publication in the future Transactions; which was accordingly done upon the 26th of March, 1752. And the grounds of their choice are, and will continue to be, the importance and singularity of the subjects, or the advantageous manner of treating them ; without pretending to answer for the certainty of the facts, or propriety of the reasonings contained in the several papers so published, which must still rest on the credit or judgment of their respective authors. It is likewise necessary on this occasion to remark, that it is an established rule of the Society, to which they will always adhere, never to give their opinion, as a Body, [ viii J upon any subject, either of Nature or Art, that comes before them. And therefore the thanks, which are frequently proposed from the Chair, to be given to the authors of such papers as are read at their accustomed meetings, or to the persons through whose hands they received them, are to be considered in no other light than as a matter of civility, in return for the respect shown to the Society by those communications. 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