------+- SEMIPRECIOUS GEMSTONES AND ORNAMENTAL STONES FOUND IN UTAH Adapted by Martha R. Smith UTAH GEOLOGICAL AND MINERAL SURVEY a division of o UTAH DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 1987 Miscellaneous Publication 87-6 Illustrations by Martha R. Smith Design by Leigh MacManus Printing by Artistic Printing TO LEND YOU A HELPING HAND ... This description of the semiprecious gemstones found in Utah is based on a chapter on Gem Materials, written by M.D. Dasch and published in Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 73, Mineral and Water Resources ofUtah. Bulletin 73 , published in 1969, was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the UGMS at the request of U.S. Senator Frank E. Moss, member of the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Some additional material has been added, and the reference list has been updated and expanded. DID YOU KNOW? .. Utah has a wide variety of gem materials from which semiprecious gemstones can be made, or which can be used as ornamental stones. Gemstones are cut or polished stones used as personal ornaments characterized by their beauty, relative rarity, and relative dur­ ability. Their value is determined by demand, fashion, and the degree to which polishing and cutting enhances the natural raw stone. Ornamental stones are minerals that are attrac­ tively colored and marked and can be used for making vases, statuettes, table tops, fireplaces, and for similar COMPARING decorative purposes. TREASURES. The semiprecious gemstones and ornamental stones found in Utah include: azurite and malachite; beryl (aquamarine and morganite); garnet (pyrope and spessartite); jet; labradorite; obsidian; onyx (chalcedony and marble); opal, quartz (agate, jasper, and chalcedony); rhyolite ("wonderstone"); scheelite; topaz; and variscite. Production of gem materials in Utah depends on known deposits and on current demands. Jet, for example, was mined in significant quantities during the early 1920s when it was fashionable as mourning jewelry; today it is not in vogue and no major market for it exists. Pyrope garnet from the Navajo Indian Reservation, topaz from the Thomas Range, and variscite from several localities in western Utah have been produced sporadically since the turn of the century. Agate, jasper, and petrified wood, much in demand in the mid-1900s, were seldom mentioned earlier in the century. Obsidian, first worked in Utah by the Indians, has been quarried intermittently since the early 1950s. Petrified wood and dinosaur bone may be collected on federal and state land only after a special permit has been obtained (see section on land ownership). Gem materials are sought by both amateur and professional collectors. Since the 1960s, "rock hounding" has become a popular hobby and hundreds of visitors come to Utah each year to look for semiprecious gemstones. The gem industry, for the most part, is operated by individuals rather than by large companies. For this reason the locations given for individual deposits are often vague. The following discussion of Utah gem localities does not pretend to be a complete listing; it is a summary of some of the better known occurrences. The gem materials are described alphabetically, and the approximate locations of significant deposits are shown on figure 1. Table 1 lists the gemstones found at each locality. Because ownership of the land changes, access roads change, and conditions of the deposits change, we are not providing detailed information to guide gemstone hunters to the deposits described in this publication. References to published articles describing each locality are listed in the back of this publication, and agencies that can provide further information are listed in the section on Information for Gemstone Collectors. 1 .~ from UGMS Bulletin 73, Mineral and Water Resources of Utah, 1964 ' 0' " -,;;-". JI' ---;y- ° MOI"' fU ff O I " EXPLANATION .Deposit of gem material (num­ G-Garnet, unspecified Q-Cryptocrystalline quartz (one or bers refer to localities mentioned Gp-Pyrope more varieties: agate, chal­ in text) cedony, jasper, petrified wood) Gs-Spessartite A-Azurite Qa-Amethyst J-Jet Ba-Aquamarine Qs-Smoky quartz L-Labradorite Bm-Morganite R-Banded rhyolite M-Malachite C-Calcite, referred to as "onyx" S-Scheelite Ob-Obsidian T-Topaz Op-Opal V-Variscite FIGURE 1. Selected semiprecious gem materials in Utah_ 2 TABLE 1. Gemstone localities of Utah described in text. Numbers refer to localities shown on figure 1. 1. Snowville (variscite), Box Elder County 25. Beaver Dam Wash (agate, petrified wood*), 2. Lucin (variscite), Box Elder County Washington County 3. Promontory (variscite, obsidian), Box Elder 26. Central (grey chalcedony), Washington County County 4. Cedar Mountains, south of Low (onyx), 27 . Dixie-Apex mine (azurite, malachite), Wash­ Tooele County ington County 5. Grantsville (onyx), Tooele County 28. Kanab (petrified wood), Kane County 6. Amatrice mine (variscite), Tooele County 29. Orderville (agate, petrified wood*), Kane County 7. Bingham (azurite, malachite), Salt Lake County 30. Area around Cedar Breaks (agate, petrified wood*), Garfield County 8. Utahlite mine (variscite), Utah County 31. Mammoth Creek (onyx), Garfield County 9. Lehi (onyx), Utah County 32. Hatch (green onyx), Garfield County 10. Pelican Point (onyx), Utah County 33. Escalante (agate, petrified wood*) , Garfield 11. Ibapah Mountain (beryl), Tooele-Juab County County. 34. Circle Cliffs (petrified wood*), Garfield 12. Thomas Range (topaz), Juab County County 13. Spor Mountain (beryl, topaz, garnet), Juab 35. Torrey (agate, jasper, petrified wood*), County Wayne County 14. East of Topaz Amphitheater (garnet), Juab 36. Coaly Basin Get), Wayne County County 37. Hanksville (agate, petrified wood*), Wayne 15. Topaz Mountain (beryl, topaz, garnet), Juab County County 38. San Rafael Swell (agate, petrified wood*), 16. Drum Mountains (agate, jasper), Juab Emery County County 39. Castledale (agate), Emery County 17. Jericho (agate, jasper), Juab County 40. Woodside (agate, jasper, petrified wood*) , 18. Levan (agate), Juab County Emery County 19 . Clear Lake railroad siding (labradorite), 41. Thompson Gasper, agate), Grand County Millard County 42. Colorado River Valley (opal), Grand County 20. White Mountain (obsidian), Millard County 21. Black Rock (obsidian), Millard County 43. Cisco Gasper, petrified wood*, clams), Grand County 22. Mineral Mountain (smoky quartz, scheelite), 44. 7 miles south of Cisco (agate), Grand County Beaver County 45. Moab (agate, petrified wood*), Grand County 22a. Milford (opal), Beaver County 23 . Blue Valley (black agate), Beaver County 46. LaSal (azurite), Grand County 47. Mule Ear (garnet), San Juan County 24. Newcastle (chalcedony, geodes), Iron County 48. Moses Rock (garnet), San Juan County *Petrified wood is subject to some collecting limits (State, Bureau of Land Management regulations). SEMIPRECIOUS GEMSTONES OF UTAH AZURITE AND MALACHITE The azure-blue and bright-green copper carbonate minerals that commonly occur together in the oxidized zone of copper deposits are the alteration products of other copper minerals. Azurite is less common than malachite and occurs as transparent to subtranslucent prismatic crystals and radiating spherical groups. Malachite occurs in translucent to opaque botryoidal and stalactitic masses. Both minerals, although soft, are used extensively for ornamental objects, such as vases and table tops, and occasionally for jewelry. Azurite and malachite occur in the near-surface parts of many copper deposits in Utah; those localities containing gem-grade material, however, are not always specifically identified. Some of the copper ore 3 mined from Bingham (figure 1, locality No.7), Salt Lake County, has been used as gem material (Ball, 1941, p. 1402). Excellent quality azurite and malachite were recovered in the 1940s from the Dixie Apex mine (No. 27) west of St. George, Washington County (Ball, 1945, p. 1561) . This mine is now under new management as a gallium­ germanium mine. Small specimens of deep-blue azurite sandstone from the La Sal district (No. 46) , southeastern Utah, have been suggested for IF POSSIBLE, DISCUSS YOUR PLANS finishing doorways and for ornamental purposes WITH SOMEONE WHO HAS BEEN THERE. (Sterrett, 1907, p. 1214). BERYL Two gem varieties of beryl, a hard transparent to translucent beryllium aluminum silicate, are present in small amounts in Utah. Aquamarine occurs as long slender crystals of bluish­ green beryl. Blue beryl, including some gem-quality aquamarine, is present in gulch gravels on Ibapah Mountain (No. 11), in Tooele or Juab Counties, western Utah (Sterrett, 1909, p. 811). The beryl-bearing gravels very likely were derived from quartz veins or pegmatites in the Ibapah stock of the Deep Creek Range (Butler and others, 1920, p. 112). One beryl-bearing pegmatite occurs in Fifteenmile Canyon near the southwestern margin of the stock, in Juab County. Morganite occurs as squat, tabular crystals of pale pink to deep rose beryl. On the west side of Spor Mountain (No. 13), western Juab County, morganite is associated with topaz and garnet in Tertiary rhyolite flows (Staatz and Griffitts, 1961, p. 943) . In the Topaz Mountain amphitheater (No. 15), a drainage basin at the southeast end of the Thomas Range, rose-red beryl crystals are attached to topaz crystals and to lithophysal cavity walls in Tertiary Topaz Mountain Rhyolite (palache, 1934, p. 14; Erickson, 1963, p. 32). GARNET Garnet includes a group of six minerals with similar physical properties,