J.Bio.Innov 10(1), pp: 157-181, 2021 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Wafaa K Taia https://doi.org/10.46344/JBINO.2021.v010i01.13 FLORAL TAXONOMICAL INVESTIGATION WITHIN PAPAVERACEAE S.L. Wafaa K.Taia Alexandria University-Faculty of Science-Botany Department *Alexandria- EGYPT ABSTRACT Twenty seven species belonging to eight genera have been investigated in this study. These species covered the three restricted families, Papaveraceae, Fumariaceae and Hypecoaceae. The floral characters have been examined carefully, and the herbarium sheets, flowers, stigma, fruits and pollen grains have been photographed. The results indicated that the flower arrangement and symmetry, stamen number, presence of style, shape of stigma, and type of fruits as well as pollen grain characters all together proved new taxonomic division of the Papaveraceae s.l.. This investigation supports the separation of the Fumariaceae with two tribes from both the papaveraceae and Hypecoaceae. Meanwhile, the position of the Hypecoaceae, as subfamily level, under the Papaveraceae is more acceptable. Floral morphological key has been constructed as well as phenogram show the relations between these taxa using SYSTAT12 program. A correlation analysis of nineteen most important characters has been investigated using SPSS program and three identification keys have been constructed. Key words: Fagoniaceae-Floral-Hypecoaceae-Papaveraceae-Taxonomy 2021 January Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 10(1), pp: 157-181, 2021 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Wafaa K Taia Introduction Endl. (including Pteridophyllum and Floral characters have been used in Hypecoum) and Papaveroideae Eaton. many systems of classification since Cronquist (1981), Takhtajan (1987), Tournefort (1656-1708). Tournefort Dahlgren (1989) and Kubitzki (1993) recognized two grades of genera based suggested major segregation of on the form and size of flowers and fruits. Fumariaceae from Papaveraceae. This view has been accepted by Linnaeus Members of family Papaveraceae (1737), but he used the androecium s.l. have great variations in their floral characters to construct his sexual system characters. These variations have been of angiosperm classification. Stearn used in their segregation and (1961b) arranged the plant characters in identifications of certain taxa by Günther a priori consideration as follows: embryo, (1975a). He found two types of stamens and pistils, followed by the inflorescence; monotelic or amphitelic perianth and fruits. The flowers exhibit an synflorescences; within the amazing variety of sizes, shapes, colors, papaveraceae s.s. which are of arrangements, scents, rewards, and important value in the classification of the sexual systems. Small et al.(1981) used the genera. Xuan and Chuang (1993) petal arrangement, venation and considered the papaveraceae from the staminal tube variations in distinguishing most primitive families within the members of tribe Trigonelleae, Angiosperm. They used the floral Medicago, Trigonella, and Melilotus. They characters, especially the number of referred these variations as an carpels and their status in dividing the adaptation to outcross pollinations. A family into three subfamilies and eight recent opinion by Kay et al. (2006) tribes and their importance in the concerning the importance of floral phylogenetic trend. Molecular characters is their influence in speciation investigations done by Cronquist (1981) and extinction of many species. Thus recognized the Fumariaceae as a floral morphology recently applied in the separate family, despite their close taxonomic decisions in many taxa (ex. phylogenetic relationship to the Kong and Hong, 2018; Nam and Chung, Papaveraceae s.s. The three families may 2018; Vasconcelos et al., 2019 & Taia et be treated as subfamilies. The al., 2020). Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II (2003) Dahlgren (1980), Kadereit (1993) and III (2009) favor the recognition of and Lidén (1993a) recognized Papaveraceae s. l., but retain the option Papaveraceae s. s. with the combination of recognizing Pteridophyllaceae and of Fumariaceae including Hypecoum L. Fumariaceae (including Hypecoum) as and Fumariaceae including separate families. In APG III (2009) the Pteridophyllum Siebold & Zucc., and Papaveraceae has three taxa, these Hypecoum. Hutchinson (1921), Cronquist taxa have been separated into different (1981) and Wang et. al. (2009) families: the Papaveraceae s. s., the recognized two subfamilies within Fumariaceae and the Pteridophyllaceae. Papaveraceae s. l.: Fumarioideae (DC) While the APG IV (2016) treated the 2021 January Edition |www.jbino.com | Innovative Association Papaveroideae and Fumarioideae This work has been done on 27 species (including Hypecoum) as a subfamilies representing eight genera collected from under family Papaveraceae in order field trips and different herbaria in Egypt Ranunculales. Nowadays most of the (table 1). From three to ten sheets or fresh authors are treating Fumariaceae as a individuals were examined in each subfamily of Papaveraceae. species, as availability. Fresh specimens The Papaveraceae s.s. comprises 43 collected from Borg El Arab, King Mariut genera and 820 species worldwide, and Al Omayed region in the western mostly distributed in north temperate and Mediterranean coastal strips during tropical regions (Mabberley, 2008). March and April 2017, 2018 by the author, Fumariaceae s.s. family previously have been subjected in this study. The treated as a small family of about 19 flowers have been examined and genus and 400 species (Lidén, 1986) dissected by Stereomicroscope. The occurring mainly in North America, specimens were identified by the aid of Europe, Asia and Africa. The family student’s flora of Egypt Täckholm (1974) Hypecoaceae includes the single genus and Boulos (1999) and confirmation of Hypecoum with about 15 living species nomenclature has been done according distributed from the Mediterranean to the sites indicated in table 1. All the region through central Asia to northern information about the studied taxa is China (Mabberley, 1987). Hypecoum is summarized in table 1, abbreviation of thought to be closely related to the the herbaria in which the specimens Papaveraceae and is frequently placed located are as follows: Alexandria (ALEX) within the Fumariaceae (e.g., Cronquist and Cairo (CAI). 1981 Lidén 1993). Data analyses In Egypt the family Papaveraceae s.s. The studied characters have been is represented by 13 species classified subjected to data analyses using SPSS under four genera; Papaver L., program to investigate nineteen, most Argemone L., Roemeria Medik. And variable characters (Apendix 1) have Glaucium Mill. (Täckholm, 1974 and been subjected to SYSTAT13 program to Boulos, 1999). According to Täckholm evaluate the relations between the (1974), the family Fumariaceae studied taxa, as well as correlation represented by one genus Fumaria L. analysis between these characters have containing 8 species, while according to been investigated using SPSS program. Boulos (1999) the Fumariaceae merged Results with Hypecoaceae and represented by The results of the studied taxa 15 species distributed in two genera, summarized in tables 2, 3, 4 & 5. The Fumaria L. and Hypecoum L. This work flowers of the studied species are either aims to clarify the relationship between solitary in Papaveraceae s.s. and the three closely related families; Hypecoum species, or aggregated in Papaveraceae, Fumariaceae and definite inflorescences in Fumaria species. Hypecoaceae; by investigating the floral The length of the inflorescences within the characters within 24 species. Fumaria species varied from 1.3 cm in F. bracteosa to 3.4 cm in F.judaica, with Materials and Methods different width from 1 mm in both F. gaillardotii and F.microstachys to 6 mm in rectangular and glabrous, while in F. bracteosa, F.judaica and F.parviflora. Roemeria it is rectangular and enriched All the flowers are bracteated and by multicellular uniseriate hairs (table 3). pedicellated with bracts either shorter or In both Fumariaceae and Hypecoaceae longer than the pedicels (table 2). The taxa, the ovary is globose and glabrous, calyx in all the studied species consists of except in F.gaillardotii, the wall covered two sepals, which are deciduous in the by multicellular uniserriate hairs, and Papaveraceae s.s species. The sepal F.microstachys, the wall covered by surface is enriched by sharp spines in multicellular glandular hairs. In Argemone Mexicana only, while they are F.parviflora, the ovary is globose and hairy in all the other species belonging to ridged (table 3). Papaveraceae s.s.except P.decaisnei the The fruit characters are more sepals are glabrous. In both the obvious within the studied taxa. Mostly Fumariaceae and Hypecoaceae the the capsules are dry dehiscent capsules sepals are glabrous, except opened by either valves or pores within F.microstachys they are hairy. The corolla the Papaveraceae species. In the consists of four delicate and colorful Fumariaceae, only the genus Dicentra petals, which are actinomorphic in the has Capsule fruits opened by valves, papaveraceae taxa and zygomorphic in while in the genus Fumaria the fruits are both Fumariaceae and Hypecoaceae dry indehiscent nuts. In Hypecoum (table 2). species, the fruits are siliquose articulated. The gynaecium within the studied The fruit shape varied according to the species varied greatly in their characters. ovary shape, from linear, slightly The number of united carpels differs elongated, oblong or globose with within