DOCTRINAL CHANGE USING THE PAST TO FACE THE PRESENT PROCEEDINGS OF THE 14TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE CONSORTIUM EURO-ATLANTIC CONFLICT STUDIES WORKING GROUP EDITED BY DR. HAROLD E. RAUGH, JR. COMPILED BY PETER CHORVÁT, PH.D., AND MATEJ MEDVECKÝ, PH.D. Slovak Institute of Military History / Vojensky Historicky Ustav Bratislava, Slovakia 2015 1 2 DOCTRINAL CHANGE USING THE PAST TO FACE THE PRESENT Contents Welcome, by H. E. Miloš Koterec, State Secretary, Ministry of Defense of the Slovak Republic ...................................................................... 5 First Opening Address, by Captain (Navy) Christian Rune, Deputy Commander, Royal Danish Defence College ................................................. 7 Second Opening Address, byMr. Andre Rakoto, Chief of Staff, French Ministry Of Defense History Office ..................................................... 9 1. Drawing Lessons from War: The Danish-Austrian-Prussian War of 1864, by Niels Bo Poulsen ............................................................... 11 2. Austria-Hungary and the Study of Overseas Wars, 1899-1914, by Erwin A. Schmidl........................................................................... 19 3. Leadership and Conflict Resolution: The Case of the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, by Efpraxia S. Paschalidou ............................................. 25 4. Slovak Soldiers on the Frontlines in World War I, by Peter Chorvat and Miloslav Caplovic .................................................................... 45 5. Institutional Development of Military History Research in Serbia from 1876 to the Present, by Dalibor Denda ....................................... 53 6. From Axis Countries to Allied Forces: Changes in Intelligence of Post-War Czechoslovakia, by Matej Medvecky.................................... 62 3 7. Hungary in 1948: Using the Past to Build the People’s Army, by Eva Tulipan .................................................................................. 72 8. Polish Military Contingents‘ Participation in UN Peacekeeping Operations during the Late Cold War: Using the Past to Keep Peace in the Present, by Dariusz Kozerawski .................................................. 78 9. Poles in the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission in Korea, 1953-2014, by Janusz Zuziak ........................................................... 93 10. The Danish Navy from 1990 to 2014: From the Baltic to the High Seas, by Soren Norby ............................................................................. 98 11. From Anti-Nazi Resistance Movement to Resistance against Communist Rule, by Prokop Tomek ................................................ 104 12. Lessons Learned from Military Conflicts in Slovenian War, 1991: Armed Conflict near Trzin and Mevedjek, by Blaz Torkar and Zvezdan Markovic ....................................................................... 109 13. Military Doctrinal Transformation in Post-Communist States: The Case of Slovenia, by Vladimir Prebilic and Damijan Gustin ....................... 121 14. Hungarian Participation in the International Commission of Control and Supervision in Vietnam, 1973-1975, by Tamas Nagy ................... 134 15. War is a Violent Teacher: The Study and Impact of Military History in the Greek Air Force Academy, by Dimitrios N. Christodoulou. ........ 139 16. The French Navy and the Lessons Learned from the First Gulf War, 1990-1991, byDominique Guillemin ............................................... 144 Appendix. Program, Conflict Studies Working Group Bratislava Conference, 2014 4 WELCOME By H. E. Miloš KOTEREC State Secretary Ministry of Defense of the Slovak Republic Dear ladies and gentlemen, and Conference participants, It is an honor for me to welcome you to 14th Annual Conference of the Euro-Atlantic Conflict Studies Working Group of the Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes that is being organized by the Military History Institute in Bratislava in cooperation with the Royal Danish Defense Academy in Copenhagen.On this occassion let me sincerely welcome both our Danish colleagues and all participants of this remarkable event. Firstly, I would like to highlight the fact that Slovakia is hosting the Conflict Studies Working Group Conference for the second time: we already had the honor to present results of our military history research, as well as our country, in 2006. Similarly, when the main topic was post- conflict military operations, the topic of the second Slovakia-based conference is both timely and very interesting. Changing doctrines and learning from history while facing contemporary issues reflect the philosophical view that the one who did not learn from mistakes in history is destined to repeat them. Secondly, the topic of the conference is surely wide: at the same time, as I believe, this moment provides for space for interpretation of many challenges and for getting familiarized with individual national and state experiences. In this context I would like to stress that I am pleased at the participation of almost 40 historians and military experts from 14 countries at the conference. Thirdly, annual summaries of conclusions prove that scholarly conferences of the Working Group for Conflict Studies matter.They do m atter within context of contemporary dynamic of international relations with a focus on prevention and conflict resolution. I am convinced that this particular conference will also be a platform for the presentation of knowledge from military history, political and social science, security studies, and other sciences. 5 Finally, ladies and gentlemen, let me express my wish that you gain genuine professional experience from this useful conference and, once again, welcome to Slovakia. Thank you for your attention! 6 FIRST OPENING ADDRESS By Captain (Navy) Christian RUNE Deputy Commander Royal Danish Defence College Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, It is indeed a pleasure and privilege for me on be half of the co-host, the Royal Danish Defence College in Copenhagen, to welcome you to this 14th conference of the Conflict Studies Working Group. Being a visiting guest as are most of you, I will not welcome you to the fine city of Bratislava, but I will welcome you to what promises to be both a busy and rewarding conference. The conference theme, “Doctrinal Change: Using the Past to FACE the Present,” seems well chosen as the span of subjects that the panels and presentations will address aptly demonstrates. The theme title also gives room for some thoughts on two rather general questions, namely how we make use of the past and how we initiate or adapt to change. Since antiquity man has used the past to inspire, and with Thucydides’ example, also to teach. And for centuries, military history has played a strong and important role both in nation building and in the education of military professionals. And in many ways, it has stood the test of time, through demographic, political, and technological upheaval and change. When, a little over one hundred years ago, the HMS Dreadnought revolutionized naval shipbuilding to a degree where warships were divided into two categories, one before and one after, it was built to support a doctrine that had swept the world a few years earlier, the Navalism of A.T. Mahan. But it is worth remembering that Mahan’s findings and teachings were based on a case study of the influence of sea power two hundred years earlier. More recently, terminology such as Revolution in Military Affairs and New Wars has been en vogue. The end of the Cold War and events from the Balkans to the Middle East and beyond have challenged our armed forces in new ways and -- to most -- in new places. So, our men and women in uniform have looked for different means, methods, and doctrines other than those of the previous generation, and a famous scholar even proclaimed “The End of History.” But again, ever so often they have eventually turned to the past to find answers in the development of new doctrines on counterinsurgency, on terrorism, and on piracy. So even as the modern battlespace increases in size and grows into new areas such as the seemingly limitless cyberspace we will continue to rely on and benefit from past experience. But this is no call to be complacent or for nostalgia. Change is in the air, both on the larger scale such as globalization, climate change, and digitalization, and closer to home on the European level. Here recent events have demonstrated not only that the past is a force to be reckoned with but also illustrated that the winds of change are not easily reversed. 7 This year the ISAF mission in Afghanistan will come to an end. Though a Western military presence will remain, most of our deployed personnel will return, not only to their barracks, but to colleges and classrooms. The next few years could be time for reflection, for analysis, and for learning lessons learning even as we prepare for yet unknown tasks and missions. In this the military historian’s eye and professional skills may be well used, first and foremost in the lecture halls and study but also elsewhere. There is a related task for the military historian that is all too often overlooked or neglected. That is, in times of change, to take the past into custody and make sure that among the mountains of information in as many formats those records are preserved that will allow ourselves and our descendants to continue to learn from the past. I will make no excuse for ending on a note from