Addis Ababa University College of Performing and Visual Arts Yared School of Music Analysis of Ethiopian ‘Kignts’ used dominantly in popular songs produced as commercial music in the 1960-1980s: The Modern recording songs in Addis Ababa. By Hilina Fekadu December, 2020 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1 Addis Ababa University Yared School of Music Analysis of Ethiopian ‘Kignts’ used dominantly in popular songs produced as commercial music in the 1960-1980s: The Modern recording songs in Addis Ababa. By Hilina Fekadu A thesis Submitted to the Department of Yared School of Music in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Art in Music Advisor: Ezra Abate (PhD) December, 2020 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2 Addis Ababa University College of Performing and Visual Arts Yared School of Music Analysis of Ethiopian ‘Kignts’ used dominantly in popular songs produced as commercial music in the 1960-1980s: The Modern recording songs in Addis Ababa. By Hilina Fekadu Approved by Board of examiners Advisor ____________________________ Signature___________________ External Examiner ____________________Signature__________________ Internal Examiner ______________________Signature__________________ Director of Yared School of Music _________Signature __________________ 3 Acknowledgments I am indebted to Dr. Ezra Abate who has given me considerable support as advisor of my research work. His valuable advice and logical comments helped me a great to shape the paper in its present form without whom this paper would not have been completed. I also would like to thank the musician who deserves gratitude for their willingness to be interviewed. Following, I would like to thank my most caring husband Addis G/Hiwot, and my family for their priceless help encouragement. Their surefire support has been a motivation during my stay in the university and I am proudly grateful for that. My special thanks to my friends Tiglu Nedo, Tigist Getachew, Felekech G/yes and, Rasachew Gezu who have been usually with me in moral and technical support for all the entire course of the study without their help, completing my thesis would have been unthinkable. Next, I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Nefertiti Makeda who inspires me as a rale model, be my mentor with full of positive thought and believe in myself. i Table of Content Contents Page Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... i Table of Content ..........................................................................................................................ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ v CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Study................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................. 2 1.3. Objective of the Study...................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1. General Objective ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2. Specific Objective ..................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Research Questions .......................................................................................................... 5 1.5. Rationale and Significance of the Study .......................................................................... 5 1.6. Scope of the proposed Study ............................................................................................ 6 1.7. Limitations of the Study ................................................................................................... 6 1.8. Definition of Key Terms ...................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 9 Review of Related Literature ...................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Music and Its Elements .................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1. Pitch ......................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2. Rhythm .................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.3. Dynamics and the Qualities of Timbre and Texture ............................................... 11 2.2. Scale in Music Composition .......................................................................................... 12 ii 2.3. Pentatonic Scale ............................................................................................................. 14 2.4. Scale in Ethiopia ............................................................................................................ 16 2.5. Role of Modern Music and Recordings ......................................................................... 22 2.6. Modern Music and Recordings in Ethiopia ................................................................... 22 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................. 26 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................... 26 3.1 Research Design .............................................................................................................. 26 3.2. Research Settings ........................................................................................................... 26 3.3. Research Participants ..................................................................................................... 26 3.4. Instruments of Data Collection ...................................................................................... 27 3.4.1. Document Analysis ................................................................................................. 27 3.4.2. Interview .................................................................................................................. 28 3.5. Data Collection Procedure ............................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 29 Data presentation and Discussion ............................................................................................. 29 4.1. Profile of Interviewees ................................................................................................... 29 4.2 The overall Interpretation of Scale in Ethiopia ............................................................... 30 4.3. Factors that drive Composers to choose a type of Scale or Mode. ................................ 32 4.4. Influence of Political Situation and Social activities in Composition. .......................... 32 4.5. Rearranging Modern Music of 1960s-80s. .................................................................... 35 4.6. Major Findings from the Interviews .............................................................................. 36 4.7. Musical Analysis ............................................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER FIVE ...................................................................................................................... 45 Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................................................................... 45 iii 5.1. Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 45 5.2. Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 46 Reference .................................................................................................................................. 47 APPENDIX-A .......................................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX-B........................................................................................................................... 53 APENDIX -C ............................................................................................................................ 55 APPENDIX D ........................................................................................................................... 56 APPENDIX E ........................................................................................................................... 56 APPENDIX F ........................................................................................................................... 56 APPENDIX G ..........................................................................................................................