FRANKLIN RIVER RAFTERS AND OTHER WESTERN TASMANIAN WILDERNESS PARKS USERS: THEIR CHARACTERISTICS, EXPERIENCES AND ATTITUDES AS INPUTS TO MANAGEMENT by G-ef° BERNARD CARLINGTON B.Sc., M.E.Des.(E.S.) being a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Environmental Studies University of Tasmania Hobart October 1988 ABSTRACT FRANKLIN RIVER RAFTERS AND OTHER WESTERN TASMANIAN WILDERNESS PARKS USERS: THEIR CHARACTERISTICS, EXPERIENCES AND ATTITUDES AS INPUTS TO MANAGEMENT Tasmania's Franklin - Lower Gordon Wild Rivers National Park, together with the other Western Tasmanian Wilderness Parks, was entered onto the United Nations World Heritage List in 1982. Encompassing one of the largest south temperate wilderness areas in the world, these three contiguous parks provide opportunities for a range of recreation activities from vehicle-based sightseeing to extended wilderness white-water rafting. Recreational pressures on all of the parks are increasing and they are now being seen, not only as reserves of major biological and ecological importance, but also as important components of an increasingly tourist based economy. Both development within the parks to support recreational use and their general management have been intuitively based and until recently the acquisition of visitor data for planning purposes has been a very low priority. It is contended that, in the face of increasingly scarce resources and the need to provide a recreation environment that will allow maximum visitor satisfaction consistent with the conservation of the parks, the planning process must take due account of the nature of the recreation experience and the objectives of participants. The purpose of this study is to provide management information for use in that process and the approach is based upon the premise that individuals choose to participate in recreation activities within selected physical, social, and managerial environments for the purpose of attaining pre-determined satisfactions or outcomes. It further presupposes that the focus of the management effort should be the provision of opportunities for the pursuit of such satisfactions. Successful management therefore requires an understanding of the satisfactions or outcomes that participants associate with the opportunities provided and the implementation of management prescriptions that contribute to the attainement of those satisfactions consistent with the overall policies of the agency. The immediate objective of the study was to determine the use and user profiles of the wilderness parks with an emphasis on the newest, the Franklin - Lower Gordon Wild Rivers National Park; to determine the nature of the satisfactions associated by visitors with the opportunities afforded by the parks and with particular defined activity - setting complexes; to investigate the existence of differences between selected subgroups of rafters and their responses to selected management options; and to examine the relationship between the satisfactions and valued outcomes of current participants and their views on appropriate management directions. The research instrument selected was the self-administered questionnaire completed by a total of 1969 participants from all of the parks. A further 1028 participants completed a more lengthly form which included a section consisting of 62 attitudinal scales reflecting possible outcomes associated with participation. Of these 633 were rafters on the Franklin - Lower Gordon Wild Rivers. Analysis undertaken on the basis of the park where contact was made revealed that, with the exception of the Franklin -Lower Gordon, the patterns of use and visitor characteristics were essentailly similar with the dominant use being vehicle-based, short-duration activities centred around the visitor service areas. Again with the same exception, the opportunities and outcomes associated with each of the parks were essentially similar with those satisfactions arising out of exposure to natural environments rating most highly followed by those arising from in-group social interaction and physical exercise. The Franklin - Lower Gordon Wild Rivers National Park differed in that outcomes associated with achievement and risk taking figured more prominently. Six broadly defined activity settings were established on the basis of visit duration, activity, and maximum possible penetration into the parks. These were labelled: sightseeing, picnicking, daywalking, developed area camping, bushwalking and rafting. On the basis of participant scoring of the outcome scales, only three clearly distinguishable activity settings emerged, each with an identifiably different pattern of valued outcomes associated with it: rafting, bushwalking, and a single remaining group of activity setting complexes the locus of which is confined to the immediate proximity of the visitor service areas - the sightseeing, picnicking, daywalking, and developed area camping. While managerial presence and policy are an integral part of the resultant setting, the links between the value placed by participants on the experience outcomes and their views on management direction are few and weak and do not provide any clear indication to management of any broadly shared perception that selected management directions would either enhance or detract from future availability of opportunities to pursue particular experiences. Differences in outcome profiles occurred among subgroups of rafters with differences showing up between those in commercially organised parties and others; first time participants and those with previous expereience; and between males and females. In terms of future management options, there was a clear perception on the part of rafters that controls on user numbers would be appropriate as would controls on other aspects of rafters' behavior including the use of fuel stoves, axes and saws. There was also a clear preference for such controls to be exercised prior to entry into the park. Three indices of management presence and control were developed from participants' scoring of possible management prescriptions and the relationship between participants scores on these indices and their outcome scores examined. The results demonstrate again that outcome scores are not strong predictors of participant views on future management direction in this environment. STATEMENT This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university and to the best of the author's knowledge and belief the thesis contains no copy or paraphrase of material previously published or written by other persons except when due reference is made in the text of the thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. THE STRUGGLE TO PRESERVE TASMANIA'S WILDERNESS AND THE CHALLENGE OF ITS FUTURE MANAGEMENT 1 1.1. The Preservation - Development Conflict- 4 1.2. The Rise of the South West as a Recreation Destination. 14 1.3. The Management Challenge - 18 1.4. A User Based Approach to Meeting the Management Challenge . 24 1.5. Study Aims . 31 II. CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL BASIS FOR A BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO RECREATION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 34 11.1. Defining Recreation . 35 11.2. The Psychological Framework . 38 11.3. A Recreation Demand Hierarchy. 44 11.3.1. Demand Level One 45 11.3.2. Demand Level Two 46 11.3.3. Demand Level Threes 49 11.3.4. Demand Level Four . 51 11.3.5. Value of the Demand Model 53 11.4. The Identification and Quantification of Recreation Experiences . 55 11.5. Summary. 63 III. THE PARKS OF WESTERN TASMANIA AND THE METHODS ADOPTED FOR THE USER STUDY 66 111.1. Context and Structure. 67 111.2. The Study Areas . 74 111.2.1. Cradle Mountain - Lake St. Clair. 74 111.2.2. Mount Field . 76 111.2.3. Southwest . 78 111.2.4. Franklin - Lower Gordon Wild Rivers:.80 111.3 Survey Instruments- 84 111.3.1. Stage One, Phase One: General Information Form. 84 111.3.2. Stage One, Phase One: Rafters' Form:.87 111.3.3. Stage One, Phase Two: Mail-Out Form:.90 111.3.4. Stage Two: Rafters' Form. 96 111.4 Method of Analysis. 100 111.5. Study Limitations. 109 IV. VISITOR CHARACTERISTICS 114 IV.1. Use and Users by Park. 115 IV.1.1. Cradle Mountain. 115 IV.1.2. Lake St. Clair* 117 IV.1.3. Mount Field. 120 IV.1.4. Southwest. 123 IV.1.5. Franklin - Lower Gordon 126 IV.2. Discussion* 130 IV.3. User Characteristics by Activity Setting. 134 IV.3.1. Sightseeing . 136 IV.3.2. Picnicking. 139 IV.3.3. Daywalking. 142 IV.3.4. Developed Camping 145 IV.3.5. Bushwalking. 148 1V.3.6. Rafting. 151 IV.4. Non-Response / Self-Selection Bias. 158 IV.5. Discussion. 161 V. RECREATION EXPERIENCES AND THE WILDERNESS PARKS 167 V.1. The Outcome Profiles of the Wilderness Parks:.. 171 V.2. Outcome Profiles and the Activity - Setting Categories . 187 V.3. The Outcome Profiles of Wilderness Rafters. 204 V.4. Discussion* 214 VI. PARTICIPANT IMPRESSIONS AND VIEWS 218 VI.1. Impressions and Views by Park. 219 VI.1.1. Development. 219 VI.1.2. User Numbers* 224 VI.1.3. Appearance . 228 VI.1.4. Area Ratings* 230 VI.1.5. Future Access 231 VI.1.6. Development . 234 VI.1.7. Controlling Use/Preventing Damage: 237 VI.1.8. Discussion . 239 VI.2. Impressions and Views by Activity Setting . 245 VI.2.1. Facilities and General Condition . 246 VI.2.2. Future Access . 250 VI.2.3. Development . 254 VI.2.4. Visitor Management 255 VI.2.5. Discussion . 259 VII. RAFTERS' RESPONSE TO VISITOR NUMBERS AND MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS 266 VII.1. Rationing and User Numbers . 267 VII.2. Control of Campsite Use 275 VII.3. Information and Safety - 281 VII.4. Management Prescriptions and Experience Outcomes 287 VII.5. Discussion . 294 VIII. MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS 300 VIII.1. General Visit and Visitor Characteristics - Implications - 304 VIII.2. Developed Area Management - 318 VIII.3. Bushwalking Area Management . 326 VIII.4. Rafting Area Management . 333 IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY 346 X. APPENDICES 359 LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Location Map of Southwest Tasmania and the Western Tasmania Wilderness Parks 2 1.2 Southwest Conservation Area and the Western Tasmania Wilderness Parks 8 2.1 Recreationists' Decision Model 41 2.2 Attitude Measurement Model 56 3.1 Cradle Mountain - Lake St.