French The and Indian War 1754-1763 Teacher’s Education Kit Grades 4-6 9 Indian Nations and French and Indian War Forts 1754-1760 Fortress Louisbourg MALESEET MICMAC Québec C ha ua R I O R e d P E c ie S U n r E e e K r A w L a L S t P n e i K a N n e o S Richelieu n b NIPPISSING nI e s Montréal b c Sault Ste-Marie o ALGONQUIN A e c t OJIBWA T ABENAKIN Lake U Ft. MichilimackinacL Valcour Bay Champlain A K O E H Ft. Saint-Frederic M U Ft. Frontenac (Crown Point) R O Ft. Carillon MENOMINEE (Ticonderoga) N OTTAWA N Lake George Portsmouth Fort La Baye A N Ft. William Henry I O I C (Fort Edward Augusta) A R O N T A Ft. Edward Ft. Toronto A K E o G L Ft. Oswego H n I n Mohawk C e H c t i C A c I Albany Boston WINNEBAGO Ft. Niagara H u t L u M MASCOUTEN d MOHAWK A s o E SAUK P n K ONONDAGA WYANDOT P Newport A ONEIDA L A D LAKE ERIE CAYUGA e KICKAPOO la New Haven Ft. Detroit Ft. Presque Isle w KEY SENECA ar e Ft. Le Boeuf FOX Ft. Saint Joseph TUSCARORA Long Island British Disputed Ft. Machault New York City Territory Territory Ft. Sandusky (Ft. Venango) POTAWATOMI French Territory S Ft. Miami u sq ue Ft. Duquesne ha Modern State Line n Philadelphia DELAWARE (Fort Pitt) n Ft. Ligonier a Ft. Ouiatenon Indian nation name M Ft. Necessity FOX and area i s Ft. Cumberland Baltimore s i h Pickawillay Po s s tom Fort, name of fort s a i Winchester a p b MIAMI S c when it was built p a i Alexandria W (later fort name) SHAWNEE N I C h Fredericksburg e A s K a e p Proclamation of Vincennes n o T e i t a u h k c 1763 boundary e O k N E y B Ft. Chartres G a U Williamsburg y Sainte Genevieve D James O I R North M 0 100 200 Kilometers n E Da 0 100 200 Miles U R SHAWNEE oa L no N ke A B I Y H ad Ca k pe in Ft. LoudounC F e A a New Bern r L A CHEROKEEP P P Ft. Prince George e A e B D ro e a e d Sa nt Georgetown ee Sa va n n a h Charleston Savannah CREEK Mobile Pensacola Saint Augustine New Orleans 10 11 French and Indian War Forts and Roads in Pennsylvania I E KEY R E E New York K French & Indian War Fort L A Ft. Presque Isle Forbes' Road Ft. Le Boeuf s h Braddock's Road c n n e i r Indian Town F Pennsylvania a t Modern State Lines Ft. Machault n (included for reference only) Venango u North o 0 100 200 Kilometers y 0 100 200 Miles M n e h Kittanning y Ft. Augusta g e n ll Ft. Allen Logstown A e h Ft. Duquesne (Fort Pitt) ta Y a g o i Bushy Run n a u e o l u Ft. Shirley Harris's Ferry i g e J l h h Ft. Ligonier h io l D O A a g Ft. Lyttleton O Susquehana A S R g h ' e ES n n Ft. Bedford RB Philadelphia o y FO n B o R Ft. Necessity ADDO CK' Ft. Loudon M S R OA D Wills Creek Ft. Frederick (Ft. Cumberland) Maryland Winchester Po to m a c Alexandria 12 13 Treaty of Paris 1763 Before 1763 After 1763 C C h h e au e a P E R I O R nc a I O c u U d P E R R n a S re S U e d E i r K e E i A w K w e L a A a L L L t P n t P i e n K i e a K n a S e n Richelieu o S e n Richelieu o b n n n b e s e s b c b c e o e o Lake Lake L Valcour Bay Champlain Valcour Bay Champlain A L A K K E E H H U U R N R N O Lake George A O Lake George C A N C N G o I G o I I T A R n N A R I E O E O N T A K n K n H L A n L Mohaw H k e Mohaw k e C c C I c I H t t i H c i M u c M u d d s E s E o o K n K n A A L D L D I E e e R l I E E a E R la E w E w A K a K a L L A S u S sq us u 3 q e ue h h a a French 6 M M 7 h i h s s i s s s a P 1 i ot s a Po s b o i t m s b o s a m s a i a British Land p f ip a p W c p c i i W C o C h h e e K Disputed s ReservedK for s e o a e i n o a p i n e h t h p u e t O u e c a O a c k k n k k y e i Area e l B the Indians James James B n an n D Da R o o i R an t oa ok Spanish a British nok Ya C m Y d ap a C k d ap e k Britishi a e n i F l n F e c e a a ro P e P e P e B e D B ro r D a o e a d e e d e Sa S nte an S e S tee av a a v a n n n n a a h North h North Spanish GULF OF MEXICO 14 Teacher Background on the French and Indian War Who Were the People Involved? to coordinate their actions, policy, and trade. The confederacy was extremely he French and Indian War started powerful and often dominated neighboring as a struggle for control of the land T nations. The Seneca in the Ohio River west of the Allegheny Mountains in the Valley were members of the Iroquois Ohio River Valley. As the conflict spread, Confederacy. The Iroquois Confederacy European powers began to fight in their would send representatives to the colonies throughout the world. It became Delaware and Shawnee to advise them a war fought on four continents: North and let them know the Iroquois position America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. on political matters. In the 1750s, the area west of the Beyond the Ohio River Valley were the Allegheny Mountains was a vast forest. nations around the Great Lakes. These American Indians primarily from three nations were traditionally French allies. nations – the Seneca, the Lenape The French called these nations the “far (LEN-ah-pay) or Delaware, and the Indians” and often called on these warriors Shawnee – inhabited the upper Ohio River to assist them in defending their colony. Valley. About 3,000 to 4,000 American The French also relied on the American Indians were living there. Their economy Indian nations along the St. Lawrence was based upon hunting, fishing, and River for assistance. agriculture. With enough land they were self-sufficient. They hunted beaver and The population of all the Indian nations other animals for trade. A few French and in northeastern North America was British traders traveled through the area. about 175,000. The American Indians traded furs and food for metal products, cloth, firearms, and other products. The American Indians were excellent warriors and scouts. During battles in the French and Indian War, their presence often made the difference between winning and losing. (For more on the American Indians please see the Teacher Background on Eastern Woodland American Indian Life, pages 28-33). Northeast of the Ohio River Valley, in what is now western New York, was the home of the Haudenosaunee (hou-DE-noh-saw-nee) or Iroquois Confederacy. To form the confederacy, six nations had come together Stretched beaver skin Teacher’s Background 15 Teacher Background on the French and Indian War New France had three colonies: Canada To the east of the Allegheny Mountains (along the St. Lawrence River), the Illinois lived more than 1 million colonists in country (the mid-Mississippi Valley), and the 13 British colonies. They had a Louisiana (New Orleans and west of the strong economy based on farming. Their Mississippi). There were about 70,000 population was expanding rapidly, both colonists throughout the French through immigration and population settlements. Their economy was based on growth. Although they had no settlers in trade with the American Indians. It was a the Ohio River Valley in 1750, the British weak economic system, and the colonies colonies claimed the land. Virginia, in fact, were not self-sustaining. They needed to claimed this land and all the lands as far purchase food from the Indians or import west as the “islands of California.” it.