International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2014 The Sociolinguistics Study of Gender Address Patterns in the Hausa Society Hajia Hauwa Salihu alone, but which, overtime have gained different Abstract—This paper looks at the choice, the shifts and the connotations (e.g., of status or values) and in some cases gender differential linguistics style of the use of names in a different denotations. Hausa community. Social gender is an essential, stable category in the context of speech because it is perpetually (re) produced via language and communication. Addressing in II. GENDER IN THE HAUSA ADDRESS PATTERNS Hausa society is influenced by the Cultural Revolution in Hausa land. The emphasis is on the discussion of the types of In Hausa society name(s) given to a person is/are names the Hausas utilize, the context in which they are applied, determined by the circumstances surrounding or prevailing the semantics, and the circumstance that motivated their at the time of its birth; certain features on the child, creation, the addresser and the addressees relationship, the achievement in life and other characteristics. The name(s) historical, cognitive, and ideological reality which determined the choice, the changes and the address variants. is/are derived from a multiplicity of service, both modern and traditional; proper names, nicknames, titles, pronouns and prefixes are commonly used as they portray the cultural Index Terms—Gender classification, naming patterns, relationships. values and changes over time. Hausa language is witnessing a transition: the transformation of the conservative Hausa society in to a modern one. The instances of foreign and religious influence from other languages i.e. Instances in I. INTRODUCTION Shona language of Zimbabwe(African culture) and Persian Names show a relationship between language and society. language of Iran (Arab-Islamic culture) are typical examples [1]in Romeo and Juliet says: "What is a name? That which prevailing in Hausa language sharing the same we call a rose by any other would smell as sweet". Rose is characteristics of being an African and an Islamic state (they called rose because the society calls and accepts it as tend to adopt Arab names, and eventually make them rose.People, objects, events, experiences, and feelings have Hausanized). a particular label or name solely because a community of Men’s language as well as names in Hausa society differs people have arbitrarily decided to so name them. Names from that of women and their roles are highly influenced play vital roles in every society, they symbolize a man’s and controlled by Islamic culture; their roles are predicted in social position in relation to the people around him and his separated an expectation which seems to determine their status is readily recognized. Address forms according to [2]- naming patterns and language use. In their interactional [4]are socially driven phenomena, in other words they can patterns, men and women in the Hausa society are believed mirror the complex social relations of individuals in a to carry over their societal relationship of inequality; they speech community. [5] Argue that “in different social maintain the normal ‘power’ relationship that exist in the context different terms of address will be used”. Men and society with men dominating and women being subservient. women use slightly different language styles. It may be reasonable to say that men and women behave The initial identification of women’s register was by [6] like this because the process of socialization has taught he argued that thestyle of language served to maintain them to assume different roles in the society.The culture of women’s (inferior) role in the society “female deficit Hausa land is patriarchal and fundamentally oppressive approach”. A later refinement of this argument was that through the mediation of family (a process by which a gender differences in language is reflecting a power woman is silenced, unheard, because she is not supposed to difference ([7] “Dominance theory”). However, these be self-assertive). perspectives have the language style of men as normative, “Gender is so pervasive that in a society we assume it is impliedly, women’s style as inferior. More recently [8], [9] bred in our genes. Most people find it hard to believe that has compared gender differences in language as more gender is constantly created and re-created out of human similar to ‘cultural difference (Cultural difference approach). interaction, out of social life, and is the texture and order of Comparing conversational goals, she argued that men have that social life. Yet, gender, like culture, is a human a report style, aiming to communicate factual information production that depends on everyone constantly ‘doing whereas women have a rapport style,more concerned with gender" [10].In [11] linguistics, a distinction is drawn building and maintaining relationships. There are parts of between I-Language (Internal Language) the study of syntax address terms that are historically differentiated by sex and semantics in language and E-Language (External Language) applying to language in social contexts; i.e. Manuscript received May 27, 2013; revised August 5, 2013. behavioural habits shared by a community. The Hausa Hajia Hauwa Salihu is with the Academic Planning Department, Kano State speech community has both the grammatical gender and the Polytechnic, Kano, Nigeria (e-mail: [email protected]). DOI: 10.7763/IJSSH.2014.V4.317 48 International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2014 social gender. This study is primarily focused on the E- AuwalAhmad (male) Nana Ibrahim (female) Language (Language in social context). • By full formal name (FN, MN plus LN), e.g. Ref. [12] in his study of relationship among participants Muhammad Auwal Ahmad (male) Aisha Nana Ibrahim in Columbia, identified five categories of address terms: (Female). second-person pronouns, proper names, kinship terms, title, According to [20] “For the average Hausa person his full nicknames, and adjectival terms. While studying in official name, is his first name plus one other name…the Kannada language spoken in Mysore District in India [13], last name can be his father’s name, his brother’s name, his considered nine types of address terms as: caste name, grandfather’s name, name of a city, a town, a village of a names by which the exalted status of individuals are particular area from which he came”. Furthermore, [20] said revealed or implied, personal names, kinship terms, that, as for women, a married woman’s official name may professional term, and professional names for exaltation, be her first name plus her husband’s first or last name or personal name-kinship terms, professional term, personal both, or maintain her father’s name as her last name. The names of professional terms, and non-respectable term. A use of personal name(s) in Hausa society can be reciprocal more recent study from a neighbouring African country, and non-reciprocal as it is determined by age, social and Ghana, [14], [15] in Akan, classified eight categories that occupational status, kinship, and attitudes. Usage is often constituted the non-kinship linguistic repertoire used underpinned by naming conventions.Acceptable cases FN addressively by residents as personal names, titles, catch calling may be limited to parents, elders, superiors, phrases (C.Ps) Zero address forms, descriptive phrases, colleagues, and peers to their siblings, juniors, subordinates, attention getters, occupational terms, and pronouns.[16]-[18] and the like, or in very formal settings with observable respectively analyze the common Persian address terms in status differences like schools, offices etc, for instance, a ten categories; the personal names, title terms, religious teacher or senior officer may call his student or junior staff address terms, occupation-bound terms, kinship terms, by full name. This is a one-way traffic; the subordinate honorific or terms of formality, endearment names, personal cannot call the superior by his first or full name. But, shifts pronouns, description phrase, and zero address terms. Yet in and sometimes short-term switching occur when there are another African categorization by [19] in his respective instances of attitudinal changes. For example, normally studies of the Shona language of Zimbabwe has seven there would be asymmetrical relationship between a categories: the first name (FN, LN, totems or praise names), superior and his subordinate, but when the degree of nicknames, endearment names, adoptives, war names, zero formality lesson; they will start addressing each other with terms and semantic extensions, and the pronoun of address. first name, perhaps in secret to start with, shift here is Although, the categorization in the studies cited above interpreted as changing the listener’s perceived relation to demonstrate address forms of different languages and the speaker same as the Shona in Zimbabwe. cultures, they show similarities as well as dissimilarities in B. Title the way the choice of linguistic signals affects different techniques to open, further maintain, or close conversations, The gender specific titles that Hausa male and female and also accept variations in classifying address terms to speaker’s use may be a religious title, a represent cultural and social differences of the users. Earlier professional/occupational title, a traditional title, or socio-linguistics studies of Hausa address