ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en TESI DOCTORAL TIME AND MEMORY IN KANT’S THEORY OF THE SELF HECTOR LUIS PACHECO ACOSTA SUPERVISORS Dra. Silvia De Bianchi Prof. Thomas Sturm FACULTAT DE FILOSOFIA I LLETRES DEPARTAMENT DE FILOSOFIA 2018 CERTIFICADO DE DIRECCIÓN Título de la tesis doctoral: Time and Memory in Kant’s Theory of the Self Directora de la tesis: Dra. Silvia De Bianchi Co-director: Prof. Thomas Sturm Doctorando: Hector Luis Pacheco Acosta Programa de doctorado: Doctorat en Filosofia del Departament de Filosofia de la Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Visto bueno de la directora y del co-director de la tesis. Firmado en Barcelona, el 20 de Marzo de 2018 ____________________ ______________________ Silvia De Bianchi Thomas Sturm Contents Resumen .......................................................................................................................... v Abstract .......................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. The form of the self-knowledge .............................................. 7 1.1. From the possibility of knowledge in general to empirical self-consciousness. ...... 7 1.2. Inner Sense ............................................................................................................. 13 A. A contrast between Locke and Kant concerning inner sense ................................. 15 B. Remarks on Kant’s view of inner sense before CPR ............................................. 19 C. Comparing the metaphysical and anthropological approaches to inner sense. ...... 22 1.3. Apperception and Forms of self-consciousness ..................................................... 27 1.4. The paradox of inner sense .................................................................................... 34 1.5. What does inner sense give us? .............................................................................. 39 1.6. Possibility and actuality of intuition of our inner states. ........................................ 45 1.7. All phenomena belong to inner sense .................................................................... 49 1.2. Time as formal condition of experience ........................................................... 50 1.2.1. A priority of time. .................................................................................................... 51 1.2.2. Priority of time as a principle of relation of all representations .............................. 56 1.2.3. Is time the form by which we intuit ourselves? ....................................................... 59 1.2.4. Time is an infinite magnitude .................................................................................. 60 1.2.5. Origin of time .......................................................................................................... 62 1.2.6. Time as continuous magnitude of the inner experience .......................................... 66 1.3. Modes and the dimension of time. ................................................................ 69 1.3.1. Duration and change in time .................................................................................... 70 1.3.2. Simultaneity as a mode of time ............................................................................... 72 1.3.3. Is persistency a mode of time? ................................................................................ 76 1.3.4. Succession as the dimension of time ....................................................................... 79 1.3.5. Succession as primary temporal series .................................................................... 83 1.4. Implicit elements in Kant’s doctrine of time ............................................... 95 1.4.1. Tensed properties of time ............................................................................... 96 1.4.2. Considerations concerning the distinction “tensed” and “tenseless” ............. 98 1.4.3. Tensed elements in the Anticipations of Perception .................................... 100 1.4.4. Tensed elements in the Analogies of experience .......................................... 104 i 1.4.5. Laws of the temporal determination of experience ...................................... 112 Chapter 2. The matter of the self-knowledge .............................................. 121 2.1. Approaches to the self .................................................................................. 121 2.1.1. Rational psychology cannot constitute a right approach to the content of inner experience. ................................................................................................................... 123 2.1.2. Pragmatic anthropology vs physiological anthropology .............................. 135 2.1.3. Methodological remarks on Kant’s pragmatic approach to anthropology ... 137 A. Difficulties involved in the cognition of the human being................................... 141 2.1.4. Transition from the metaphysical account of the form of inner experience to the pragmatic anthropology’s account of its matter ..................................................... 145 2.1.5. Are feelings an object of inner sense? .......................................................... 147 2.1.6. Sensations and perceptions as object of inner sense. .................................... 152 2.2. The self is embedded in society ................................................................... 155 2.2.1. Self-consciousness is conditioned by language ............................................ 160 2.2.2. Unity and sameness of the self from a pragmatic point of view ................... 164 2.2.3. The subject’s development of character ....................................................... 170 2.2.4. Education in the formation of the self .......................................................... 175 2.2.5. Kant’s conception of human nature in Anthropology ................................... 177 Chapter 3. Memory and the Self ...................................................................... 183 3.1. Hume and Kant on memory ....................................................................... 183 a. Hume on the empirical function of memory in knowledge ........................... 184 b. Kant on the “transcendental” functions of memory in experience ................ 189 3.2. The pragmatic analysis of memory and “self-perfection” ........................ 200 3.2.1. Empirical functions of memory in cognition ................................................ 206 A. Storing function of memory ................................................................................. 206 B. Forms of memorizing. .......................................................................................... 209 C. Reproductive function of memory ....................................................................... 213 3.2.2. Memory and time ............................................................................................. 219 3.2.3. Obscure representations in self-consciousness ................................................. 227 3.2.4. Personal identity and memory .......................................................................... 234 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 243 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................... 249 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 245 ii Wer im Gedächtnis seiner Lieben lebt, der ist nicht tot, der ist nur fern; tot ist nur, wer vergessen wird. I. Kant. iii iv UNIVERSITAT AUTONÒNOMA DE BARCELONA Resumen Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres Departament de Filosofia Doctorat en Filosofia Tiempo y memoria en la teoría del Yo de Kant escrito por Hector Luis Pacheco Acosta En esta tesis analizo las diversas caracterizaciones de Kant acerca del yo, que pueden constituir una teoría del yo o “autoconocimiento”, si son relacionadas coherentemente. Dicha teoría consiste en una forma particular de conocimiento del ser humano y se basa, principal aunque no exclusivamente, en la experiencia. Esta teoría tiene tres ejes: el primero se ocupa de la conexión entre el sentido interno, entendido como una condición por la cual el sujeto dirige la atención a su propia existencia, y el tiempo que organiza tanto las representaciones derivadas de la experiencia como aquellas que, una vez derivadas de la experiencia, son reproducidas por medio de la memoria. El segundo eje se enfoca en el contenido de la experiencia anterior y en los factores sociales que hacen posible el desarrollo de ese contenido.