FRICTION, WEAR, AND EROSION ATLAS FRICTION, WEAR, AND EROSION ATLAS Kenneth G. Budinski CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130624 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-8727-4 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com This book is dedicated to my beloved wife and partner in all matters Marilyn Contents Preface ..............................................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... xiii About the Author ..........................................................................................................................xv 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................1 2. Glossary of Tribology Terms ...............................................................................................5 General Tribology Terms ........................................................................................................5 Abrasive Wear Terms ..............................................................................................................8 Nonabrasive Wear Terms ...................................................................................................... 11 Erosion Terms ......................................................................................................................... 15 Related Reading ..................................................................................................................... 16 3. Adhesive Wear ....................................................................................................................... 17 The Mechanism of Adhesion ............................................................................................... 18 Role of Speed, Load, Sliding Distance, Temperature, etc. ................................................ 19 Appearance of Adhesive Wear ............................................................................................20 Galling ................................................................................................................................20 Incipient Galling ................................................................................................................20 Scoring ................................................................................................................................ 21 Scuffing ............................................................................................................................... 21 Seizure ................................................................................................................................22 Metal- to- Metal Wear .........................................................................................................22 PV Limit ..............................................................................................................................28 Soft- Soft Couples ...............................................................................................................29 Fretting Wear and Corrosion ..........................................................................................30 Related Reading .....................................................................................................................34 4. Abrasion .................................................................................................................................37 Mechanisms ............................................................................................................................38 Manifestations ........................................................................................................................43 Low- Stress Abrasion .........................................................................................................43 Abrasion of Plastics and Other Non-Metals .................................................................44 High- Stress Abrasion........................................................................................................47 Gouging Abrasion .............................................................................................................48 Polishing Abrasion ............................................................................................................49 Abradants ................................................................................................................................ 51 Abrasivity ................................................................................................................................54 Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Engineering Materials .............................................55 Differentiation of Abrasion from Other Modes of Wear and Erosion ...........................57 Related Reading .....................................................................................................................58 5. Rolling Contact Fatigue ....................................................................................................... 61 Mechanism ............................................................................................................................. 61 Micropitting ............................................................................................................................66 vii viii Contents Pitting ......................................................................................................................................69 Spalling ....................................................................................................................................70 Slip in Rolling Tribosystems ................................................................................................70 Testing Materials for Rolling Fatigue Resistance ..............................................................71 Summary .................................................................................................................................72 Related Reading .....................................................................................................................72 6. Impact Wear ...........................................................................................................................73 Mechanism .............................................................................................................................73 Impact Wear of Plastics/ Elastomers ...................................................................................77 Impact Wear in Metalworking .............................................................................................79 Impact Wear in Mineral Benefication .................................................................................80 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 81 Related Reading .....................................................................................................................82 7. Lubricated Wear ....................................................................................................................83 Reciprocating Lubricated Wear ...........................................................................................85 Plain Bearings.........................................................................................................................88