LilyPond The music typesetter Learning Manual The LilyPond development team This file provides an introduction to LilyPond version 2.18.2. ¨ © For more information about how this manual fits with the other documentation, or to read this ¨ manual in other formats, see Section \Manuals" in General Information. If you are missing any manuals, the complete documentation can be found at http://www.lilypond.org/. © Copyright c 1999{2012 by the authors. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License". For LilyPond version 2.18.2 i Table of Contents 1 Tutorial::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1 Compiling a file ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1.1 Entering input:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 Producing output :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1.2 MacOS X::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 1.1.3 Windows ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 1.1.4 Command-line::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11 1.2 How to write input files :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 1.2.1 Simple notation ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 Pitches:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 Durations (rhythms) :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 14 Rests ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 15 Time signature :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 15 Tempo marks ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 15 Clef ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 All together ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 1.2.2 Working on input files ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 1.3 Dealing with errors ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 1.3.1 General troubleshooting tips ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 1.3.2 Some common errors :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 1.4 How to read the manuals ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 1.4.1 Omitted material :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 1.4.2 Clickable examples :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 1.4.3 Overview of manuals :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 2 Common notation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 2.1 Single staff notation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 2.1.1 Bar lines and bar checks ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 Bar lines :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 Bar checks :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 2.1.2 Accidentals and key signatures::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 Accidentals:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 Key signatures :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 21 Warning: key signatures and pitches ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 21 2.1.3 Ties and slurs ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 22 Ties::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 22 Slurs :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 22 Phrasing slurs ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 22 Warnings: slurs vs. ties:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 23 2.1.4 Articulation and dynamics ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 23 Articulations :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 23 Fingerings::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 23 Dynamics ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 24 2.1.5 Adding text ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 24 2.1.6 Automatic and manual beams ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 2.1.7 Advanced rhythmic commands::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 Partial measure ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 Tuplets ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 26 ii Grace notes ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 26 2.2 Multiple notes at once :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 26 2.2.1 Music expressions explained ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 26 Analogy: mathematical expressions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 27 Simultaneous music expressions: multiple staves ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 27 Simultaneous music expressions: single staff:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 2.2.2 Multiple staves :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 2.2.3 Staff groups ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 29 2.2.4 Combining notes into chords ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 30 2.2.5 Single staff polyphony ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 30 2.3 Songs :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 2.3.1 Setting simple songs ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 2.3.2 Aligning lyrics to a melody :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 2.3.3 Lyrics to multiple staves ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 35 2.4 Final touches::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 36 2.4.1 Organizing pieces with variables ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 36 2.4.2 Adding titles :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 37 2.4.3 Absolute note names :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 37 2.4.4 After the tutorial :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 39 3 Fundamental concepts ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 40 3.1 How LilyPond input files work :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 40 3.1.1 Introduction to the LilyPond file structure ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 40 3.1.2 Score is a (single) compound musical expression :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 42 3.1.3 Nesting music expressions ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 44 3.1.4 On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 45 3.2 Voices contain music ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 46 3.2.1 I'm hearing Voices ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 47 3.2.2 Explicitly instantiating voices :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 3.2.3 Voices and vocals :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 55 3.3 Contexts and engravers ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 57 3.3.1 Contexts explained :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 58 3.3.2 Creating contexts:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 59 3.3.3 Engravers explained ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 60 3.3.4 Modifying context properties :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 61 3.3.5 Adding and removing engravers :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 66 3.4 Extending the templates:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 69 3.4.1 Soprano and cello ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 69 3.4.2 Four-part SATB vocal score ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 72 3.4.3 Building a score from scratch :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 77 3.4.4 Saving typing with variables and functions ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 82 3.4.5 Scores and parts ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 84 4 Tweaking output ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 86 4.1 Tweaking basics :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 86 4.1.1 Introduction to tweaks::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 86 4.1.2 Objects and interfaces ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 86 4.1.3 Naming conventions of objects and properties :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 87 4.1.4 Tweaking methods :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 87 The \override command ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 87 The \revert command:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 The \once prefix :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 The \overrideProperty command :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 89 iii The \tweak command ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 89 4.2 The Internals Reference manual :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 91 4.2.1 Properties of layout objects :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 91 4.2.2 Properties found in interfaces :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 95