National and International Security in Contemporary Changing Reality SECURITY SCIENCIES FACULTY EDITORIAL SERIES SCIENTIFIC BOARD ANDRZEJ FRYCZ MODRZEWSKI KRAKOW UNIVERSITY National and International Security in Contemporary Changing Reality Part 1 ed by Mieczysław Bieniek, Sławomir Mazur Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University Security Sciencies Faculty 2012 / nr 1 Editorial Council of the Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University: Klemens Budzowski, Maria Kapiszewska, Zbigniew Maciąg, Jacek M. Majchrowski Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University www.ka.edu.pl Scien fi c Board Faculty of Security Studies Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University Mieczysław Bieniek (Poland), Henryk Ćwięk (Poland), Edward Gruszka (Poland), Vladimir Janeček (Slovakia), Janusz Kręcikij (Poland), Sławomir M. Mazur – chief (Poland), François Fd Miche (Switzerland), Cindy Miller (USA), Monika Ostrowska (Poland), Eric Pouliquen (France), Michal Pružinský (Slovakia), Jan Widacki (Poland), Karl-Heinz Viereck (Germany) Scien fi c Editor: Mieczysław Bieniek, Sławomir M. Mazur Reviewer: prof. Jarosław Wołejszo, PhD Proof-reading: Gregory White Cover design: Oleg Aleksejczuk On the cover side: reverse of the medal “For Merit to the Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University Security Sciencies Faculty” Design and performance: prof. Czeslaw Dźwigaj ISBN 978-83-7571-273-5 Copyright© by Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University Kraków 2012 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publica on or its en rety may be reproduced, transmi ed or stored in any manner that allows repeated use in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, copying, recording or other without the express wri en permission of copyright owners. Publisher: Krakow Society for Educa on: AFM Publishing House / Krakowskie Towarzystwo Edukacyjne sp. z o.o. – Ofi cyna Wydawnicza AFM, Kraków 2012 Bookshop: U Frycza Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego 1, 30-705 Kraków phone/fax: (12) 252 45 93; e-mail: [email protected] Technical Lay-out Editor: Oleg Aleksejczuk Printed by Krakowskie Towarzystwo Edukacyjne sp. z o.o. Contents Le er from Deputy Commander of the NATO Strategic Command in Norfolk-Virginia, USA, General Mieczysław Bieniek PhD. – Na onal and Interna onal Security in Contemporary Changing Reality .... 7 Mieczysław Bieniek, Sławomir M. Mazur Foreword ...................................................................... 9 Mieczysław Bieniek Global Commons – Execu ve Summary ..................................... 13 Andrzej Bryk American Military Strategy and the Economic Crisis ....................... 29 Piotr Patalong Figh ng the Illicit Trade and Traffi cking of Small Arms and Light Weapons – A World Priority for the 21st Century ............... 79 Janusz Kręcikij Polish Na onal Security and the New NATO Strategic Concept – Progress or Stagna on? .................................................... 103 Erhard Cziomer Interna onal Security Challenges and Diffi cul es at the Threshold of the Second Decade of the 21st Century from the Perspec ve of Germany ................................................................... 119 Piotr Patalong, Mariusz Skulimowski Experience and Conclusions Regarding the Func oning of the Special Forces Within the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland .................................................... 137 Sławomir Mazur Interna onal Aspects of Counterac ng Terrorism .......................... 145 Monika Ostrowska Cyber-Terrorism as the New Form of Threat in the Twenty-fi rst Century .................................................. 161 Bibliography ....................................................................... 179 “Na onal and Interna onal Security in Contemporary Changing Reality” is a com- pelling, must-read work for those who study and try to gain a be er understand- ing of today’s na onal and interna onal security environment. A collec on of diverse views of Polish and interna onal authors on military, se- curity, interna onal rela ons, new forms of warfare such as cyber-terrorism and challenges they bring about allows the reader not only to see the whole complex- ity and interdependencies of the current security network, but creates a solid founda on for any further studies, especially for those readers who wish to ob- tain a be er understanding of the Polish and other former Warsaw Pact coun- tries’ perspec ve on the current and future role of interna onal organiza ons such as NATO and the EU. While discussing security and defense from many diff erent angles, authors – whose backgrounds are diverse and who jointly represent a vast and profound experience in defense-related ma ers – invite the reader to embark on a fasci- na ng journey through the modern world of mul faceted security rela ons, links among some me remote areas of defence-related studies, and challenges that not only NATO and its members but all the na ons of the modern world must face and live up to. I found it very rewarding and at the same me refreshing to read ar cles by so many respected luminaries of interna onal security science. To have the views of them in one volume is simply a treat for any and every- one who – like myself – endeavours to see and understand the global picture to a maximum possible extent. The opportunity to learn the views and observa ons of people of such diff erent background and experience, represen ng both military and civilian academia, administra on and chain of command is indeed rare and worth careful study. It greatly broadened my horizons, corrected or improved my understanding and I can with all honesty recommend it to all scholars and general readers who are interested in understanding the security environment of today. Foreword Na onal and interna onal security cons tutes one of the principal domains of the undertakings involved as part of the research on educa onal condi ons and special es available in the Department of Security Studies at Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University. This issue is also extremely important in the fi eld of interna onal rela ons exis ng in the contemporary world. The essence and character of security, both in the na onal and interna onal dimension are being refl ected in all func onal aspects of contemporary society. It not only refers to military security, but also to security in various spheres of economic, social, cul- tural, poli cal and ecological life. As regards the current globaliza on processes, security applies to any area of the globe, equally to each and every human being and to en re na ons. The issue of safety is inseparably connected with threats and related challenges con nually emerging in the reality around us. Such threats arise in specifi c geographical loca ons and can exhibit diversifi ed dimensions. They can exert considerable impact on the sustainable development of countries, regions and areas. Ensuring a set of forward-thinking measures, which would lead to increasing security in all senses, will signifi cantly contribute to the proper economic development of our country, making the Polish economy more innova- ve and compe ve. This study seeks to familiarize the reader with selected problems of conduct- ing security-related research. Expanding this domain of knowledge is now of the utmost importance. Although security has cons tuted the subject ma er of sev- eral publica ons, there are s ll no concise and well-structured studies concern- ing this area of human endeavor and ac vity, so important to our country. Security is generally interpreted as the state of non-threat, peace and confi - dence. As was stated by Józef Kukuła, it is a state of confi dence of the country and people’s existence in the subjec ve, objec ve and processual dimension.1 The Na onal Security Dic onary defi nes it as “the state which gives a sense of confi - dence, a guarantee of maintaining this state and the opportunity for its enhance- ment. The situa on in which there is no risk of losing what we cherish most, such as health, work, dignity, feelings and property, is one of the principal needs of every human being. Among diff erent types of security, the following can be dis nguished: global, regional and na onal security; military, poli cal and public 1 J. Kukułka, Narodziny koncepcji bezpieczeństwa (The origins of the security concept) [in:] Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe, teoria i praktyka (Interna onal security – the- ory and prac ce), ed. K. Żukrowska, M. Grącik, Warsaw 2006, p. 40 10 Foreword security; physical, psychological and social security; and also structural and per- sonal security”.2 The diversity of defi ni ons causes various en es to approach the issue of security selec vely. One and the same dic onary proposes a number of diff erent defi ni ons related to security and defense. Referring to the dic onary cited above, the na onal security is “a state ensured through properly-organized defense and protec on against external and internal threats, determined as the rela onship of the defense poten al to the threats scale”.3 The essence of na on- al security in the narrow sense concerns the internal state and the interna onal situa on of a country, which eff ec vely secure its independence, consistency and interests, at the same me excluding the real risk of internal destabiliza on and external threats. Na onal security in a broader sense is understood as the whole set of internal and external condi ons that guarantee the sustainable develop- ment of society and the protec on of the na onal territory against internal and external threats, and that ensure the capability of a country to implement au- tonomous internal and external policies. Although the defi ni ons of security are varied, it should be noted that the safe func oning of a country, and the safe living condi ons of every family and of each human being cons tute the supreme value. The security-related need was already referred to in the 1930s by Abraham Maslow, the author of the classical theory of human needs. Maslow dis nguished fi ve levels of needs where fi rst- level needs must be sa sfi ed before the next level could become dominant. Safe- ty was assigned to the second level, immediately following physiological needs.