JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 7, 2020 Residential Hydroelectricity Generation Mr. Sanjay Kumar1, Mr. Somit Pratap Singh2 1,2Dept. of Mechanical EngineeringNoida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh Email Id- [email protected], [email protected] Received:20 January 2020 Revised and Accepted: 06 March 2020 ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to build a model of residential hydroelectricity generation to operate the generator and use the batteries to light up the houses that are common to rural people. The main problems are the difficulty in getting the oil and the price of the oil. It is very difficult to use other renewable energy options because of the high price such as solar photovoltaic panels, which are usable for a number of hours a day. To provide a cheap and reliable alternative, it is necessary to find the appropriate option. Although large-scale hydroelectricity provides electricity for industry and domestic use, small-scale hydroelectricity contributes to this critical need for remote and off-grid areas, especially in developing countries. This paper focuses on an application for hydroelectricity that does not require complex development set-up. It is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and local manufacturing of the turbine is feasible. In addition to daily operations such as washing, baking and swimming, the water flow in the domestic pipes has kinetic energy that can generate electricity for energy storage purposes. This paper is therefore being carried out to develop a small-scale hydroelectricity generation system using water distributed to houses as an alternative source of electrical energy for residential use. KEYWORDS: Hydroelectricity generation, Turbine, Small-scale power plant, Renewable energy. I. INTRODUCTION Residential hydroelectricity generation project comes under the category in which maximum electricity generation is 3KW. It is also known as “PICO hydro power generation”[1], [2]. Without affecting the environment hydropower can provide electricity in low cost to isolated communities. In fact, hydropower is a proven technology; people have obtained energy from falling water[3]. It's also a huge source of power. It is possible to produce AC electricity enabling the use of standard electrical appliances. Light bulbs, radio and televisions, and other electrical appliances are common examples of devices that can be powered by hydropower. It enables quick, fuel-free generation of electricity. The growing demand for electrical energy is forcing people to search for different energy available resources[4]. The equipment used in hydroelectricity generation was unique in its small and compact nature and very easy to build and installed in a small area. Hydroelectric power generation has the primary benefit of having a lower cost per kilowatt compared to solar or wind power generation[5]. The hydropower plant can be classified according to its size as shown in the table 1. 1340 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 7, 2020 Pico-hydro is a concept used to describe the smallest system that are capable of generating hydroelectric power under 5kW. A pico-hydro power network can provide sufficient electricity to a local, remote community, depending on its size[6]. The Hydro power plants are also classified on the basis of head available at the turbine. There are three type of hydro power plant on the bases of head[7]. High Head - 100m and above Medium Head - 30 to 100m Low Head - 02 to 30m II. METHDOLOGY For the typical village / town home, micro-generation or residential hydroelectricity generation is feasible option. Under the "Home Water-Tank Pico Hydro Power Generator Distributed for Smart Home" technology, the aim here is to generate power from low hydro-energy to generate clean and green electricity for every home at remote locations. Pico hydro is an electricity generation below 5 kW. It is helpful to fulfill an individual home's need for energy that only needs a limited amount of electricity[8]. Setup is typically run-of-stream, meaning that a water tank is not built, only a mini weir is common, pipes direct some of the flow, lower it down a slope, and then return to the water tank through the turbine. Like other hydroelectric and renewable sources of power generation, emission of fossil fuel is reduced. Home & Village / Town Water storage tank can be used to build the Pico Hydro power generator. Generator (1kW) adequate for heating, home lighting, electric fencing and many rural and urban use. Simple water turbine designed to work with quantity of water flow rather than Head. This generator can be used where there is not enough head on the site. There are some factors for determine achievability and feasibility of the system, these factors are: The amount of power available within the pipes from the water flow. It depends on the pressure of the water, the amount of water and the loss due to resistance in the pipes. Type of turbine and availability of the necessary type of generator. The types and capacity of the Pico-hydro system to supply electrical loads. The cost of project development and system operation. 1. Power Estimation: The system follows the principle of relation between the power output of hydro energy and potential input of water. 푃푖푛 = 퐻 × 푄 × 푔 (1) 푃표푢푡 = 퐻 × 푄 × 푔 × 휂 (2) Where, Pin = Input Hydro Power Pout = Output Generator Power H = Head in meters Q = Flow rate of water in liter per second G = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s2) η = Efficiency On the bases of equation 1 & 2, both the parameters water head and flow rate are very important in hydropower system. From falling water at the turbine the head of water is calculated, i.e. Vertical height from the upper most surface of water to the tip of the nozzle of the penstock. Generally, the flow rate of water is amount of water (m3) flows in one second. Normally, available flow is sufficient for Pico-Hydro and Small Hydro. Thus it is very important to calculate the water head very accurately because the higher head, the higher power and result in the high speed of turbine. 1341 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 7, 2020 2. Head Measurement: There are many different type of head measurement method. Vertical height from the top most surface of water to nozzle of the penstock is known gross head. Collection tank is used to store the water and water flow form the tank through the penstock onto to the runner of the hydraulic turbine. The turbine speed and capacity of generating power depend on available water head. Different type of head losses like minor head loss and major losses occurs during the flow of the water due to friction, sudden area changes and bend of penstock. Gross is used to determine the power and feasibility of the system, but the actual available power calculated by the net head of the water. The available head calculated by using following equation 퐻 = 0.704 × 푝 (3) Where, H = Available Head in meters P = Pressure of water in psi The pressure of water shows the system net head that is useful to determine the actual available power. 3. Hydraulic Turbine: By using curved cups on the periphery on the runner wheel the hydraulic turbine model is constructed. The turbine with plurality of cups made of from PVC is used in this model. This type of model is coming under the impulse turbine. 1342 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 7, 2020 Pelton Wheel Turbine: For own flow rate and high head Pelton wheel turbine is most suitable turbine. For higher power output it can be outfitted by more than 2 or 3 nozzle. A water from the collection tank is drop down through the penstock, at the end of the penstock the nozzle is fitted. A high velocity water jet from the nozzle strikes on the cups of the runner wheels. Which converts the water energy in the runner mechanical energy such as rotational energy[9], . 4. Flow Rate: The flowing water flow rate through penstock from collection tank depends on the potential energy of the water (Height from ground surface to the tank). The following equation shows the relationship between flow rate, water velocity and area of the penstock. 푄 = 퐴 × 푉 (4) The flow rate of the circulated water is diverted into a bucket or barrel and the time is recorded to fill the container. The tank size is calculated and the flow rate is determined simply by dividing the volume by the time of filling. For example, 20 liters per minute or 0.333 l/s is the flow rate of water that filled 20 liters bucket within one minute. To provide more consistent and accurate calculation, this can be repeated several times. 4. Penstock: To carry water from the tank to the turbine penstock is used, penstock having some valves and gate to control the flow rate of water[10]. 5. DC Generator: For generating electricity from the mechanical power generated in a hydro system, a permanent magnet DC generator is preferred. The DC generator could supply high currents at even the minimum voltage needed to change the battery and operate direct current charges. These are much cheaper and smaller in size as well[11]. 1343 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 7, 2020 6. Battery Charger: Batteries are used to store electrical energy and recycled when needed. The generator output is connected to the power storage charging circuits. If a peak load current is reduced to 1.5 A, the hydro unit would choose the Ni- Cad battery.