Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Creative Components Dissertations Fall 2020 Hindu nationalism fueling strife: How India’s citizenship amendment act impacts the Indo-Pakistani Kashmir conflict Natalie Bidner Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/creativecomponents Part of the Asian Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, and the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Recommended Citation Bidner, Natalie, "Hindu nationalism fueling strife: How India’s citizenship amendment act impacts the Indo-Pakistani Kashmir conflict" (2020). Creative Components. 630. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/creativecomponents/630 This Creative Component is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Creative Components by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hindu nationalism fueling strife: How India’s citizenship amendment act impacts the Indo- Pakistani Kashmir conflict by Natalie Elizabeth Bidner A creative component submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: Political Science Program of Study Committee: Jonathan Hassid, Major Professor The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The Graduate College will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2020 Copyright © Natalie Elizabeth Bidner, 2020. All rights reserved. “You are free…You may belong to any religion or state or creed; that has nothing to do with the business of the State. We are starting with this foundational principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one state.” - Quaid-E-Azam ABSTRACT Does India want a unified and diverse country? This question has been under review after the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) enacted the Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019 (CAA), led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The amendment has divided India by further discriminating against the Muslim minority community, threatening secularity, and provoking violence. Prime Minister Modi has the goal of fully integrating Kashmir into India, but as Hindu nationalism spreads throughout India, this goal is mystifying. The amendment has provided the Prime Minister a boost of support from the Hindu majority community and those with similar values, while international attention has turned negative. The Kashmir conflict will move backward, as India is unwilling to acknowledge its citizens and find a lasting solution with Pakistan. I advocate for the CAA's termination to end discrimination against Muslims and unite India as a diverse and robust democracy that wants to find solutions to conflicts that involve its citizens and territory. Keywords: Indian Citizenship Amendment Act, Kashmir Conflict, Hindu Nationalism, Discrimination, Narendra Modi 1 INTRODUCTION India has become a significant player and been in the crosshairs of international relations in recent years as the Kashmir conflict has grown more aggressive. As India and Pakistan have become nuclear powers, any militarized conflict between the two countries is of concern. The enactment of the Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019 could be an irritant in the Kashmir conflict as both are grounded in religious means. The signing of the Citizenship Amendment Act in the year 2019, also known as the CAA, caused a rippling effect across India, the subcontinent, and the world. As India becomes a rising power, eyes are always on it and its actions, domestically and internationally. Alongside the CAA, India has revoked rights that gave autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir's administered territory in 2019. Allies and adversaries have condemned India, provoking the study of how the CAA impacts the already contentious Kashmir region and India’s relationship with Pakistan in finding a solution. The Bharatiya Janata Party has promoted Hindutva, a political ideology that emphasizes Hindu culture, nationality, and religious aspects as the prominent identity of India. Its core concept is that national identity and religion are synonymous. The CAA presented another opportunity for the Hindu nationalist Prime Minister to gradually make India a Hindutva state while proclaiming he is for India and empowering all. Modi has taken the time to chide previous Indian leadership from the past sixty years and emphasizes his policies for India, including the outcomes of the CAA to move closer to Hindutva, emphasizing “patriotism, the glory of our ancestors, and respect for culture" (H. Ahmed 2020b). As Kashmir continues to be a battleground region between India and Pakistan, it is essential to analyze the CAA in its role in 2 amplifying the conflict. BACKGROUND OF KASHMIR CONFLICT Great Britain withdrew from the Indian subcontinent in 1947 and allowed princely states to choose where they would accede to, India or Pakistan. The Hindu monarch ruler of the Muslim majority region Kashmir was unsettled by a possible Pakistani attack because of the Muslim majority and formally asked India for military assistance. The presumptive attitude of India and Pakistan that the region belonged to each precipitated a violent relationship and left Kashmir's status undetermined. India and Pakistan have an extensive history of fighting over the region ever since. The Sino-Pakistan agreement of 1963 ceded a portion of Pakistan’s claimed territory to China. Today the province is split into three separately administered regions, all claimed by India, Pakistan, and China. Figure 1: Map of Kashmir Divide Source: File: Kashmir map.svg" by w:user:Planemad is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 3 A United Nations-brokered military Line of Control (LOC) that is 460 miles long was established in 1949 to split the regions and act as a ceasefire line. Pakistan controls Azad Kashmir, also known as the “Northern Areas” or Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). This region has a population of around 3.5 million people, with almost all residents being of the Muslim faith. India's Kashmir region is Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), split into the known culturally diverse regions of Kashmir, Jammu, and Ladakh, where about eighty percent of the population is Muslim; in the regions of Kashmir and Jammu, only twenty-eight percent are Hindu. In the Ladakh region, there is not a significant number of Hindu residents, with Muslims and Buddhists splitting the majority of the population (Kronstadt 2019). India and Pakistan have fought three major wars over Kashmir in 1947-48, 1965, and 1999, with solidarity agreements signed after each war, but proving fruitless as exorbitant conflicts have prevailed along the Line of Control (Ganguly 2006). India was keen to show that the province could do well as a secular state, while Pakistan would make it another Muslim province within its country. The CAA is vital to India’s goal, while arguably discriminatory towards the majority religion of Kashmir, Muslims. In 2019, the BJP abrogated Article 370, involving moving 45,000 troops into Kashmir, revoked article 35A (the basis of Kashmir’s autonomy), and placing Kashmir in a lockdown, which included switching off Kashmir’s internet. Along with the Indian government authorizing 25,000 domicile certificates of Kashmir residency to Indians (many being Hindu refugees), these actions have raised many eyebrows (Chatterji 2020). These actions uphold a history of promoted violence that has resulted in around 100,000 deaths since 1990. 4 BACKGROUND OF BJP The CAA has a long history within Indian politics and defines who is a citizen and a foreigner. The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) political party is a right-wing party that longed for a Hindu state and started the wheels turning for their ideal state with the Citizenship Act of 1955. The RSS founded the idea of ‘Hindutva,’ a Hindu state superior to a secular state inspired by “European ethnonationalism and fascism” (Al Jazeera 2019). Hilal Ahmed discussed the Hindutva ideology with RSS leader Mohan Bhagwat, and the leader claimed that the RSS did not want a Hindu state; they want a Hindutva nation's constitutional state (H. Ahmed 2020b). This far-right ideology has influenced the BJP, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, since 2014. Indian citizens have voiced their support for the BJP with 226 million votes, and thus the CAA to protect and empower their brethren persecuted across different lands. In India, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) gained power in 2014 on a Hindu nationalist platform. Before coming into power, they directed many movements, some peaceful and others violent. Hindu-Muslim divisiveness became more profound in the 1980s when the BJP gained influence and national prestige similar to the Indian National Congress party, a slightly left of center political party. One act of aggressiveness was building a temple in the place of a mosque in a town built by the Mughal emperor Bābur, who spread Islam's message while also being tolerant towards Hindus and other religions. In 1992, Babur’s mosque was destroyed by Hindu mobs and led to riots across India with over 2,000 casualties and a scar that reignited the animosity on both ‘sides’. The destruction was a catalyst connected in the BJPs 2019 election manifesto, stating that it would “explore all possibilities within the framework of the constitution and all necessary efforts to facilitate the Ram temple's expeditious construction in Ayodhya” (Bhardwaj 2019). 5 The BJP is actively working to create a Hindutva state as seen in their right-wing extremist political appointees, Hindus’ support in violent protests, executive orders such as those affecting Kashmir, and the election manifestos of 2014 and 2019. Efe Peker summarizes the BJP’s concentrations, the main components listed as framing practices, mobilizing structures, and political opportunities.