Editor’s Note Welcome to the first edition of the Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities! The JoSH is a multidisciplinary effort run by cadets and faculty at the United States Military Academy at West Point, who collectively seek to improve the body of scholarly knowledge in the fields of social sciences and humanities and to promote civil-military cooperation and understanding. As such, we sought scholarly works from students, academics, working professionals, political leaders, and others who have interesting insights into topics related to social sciences or the humanities. We also engaged with thought leaders in a variety of fields whose words and actions impact defense, development, business, politics, or major social issues. Our intent is to present a broad cross section of thought and to stimulate useful dialogue. In preparing for publication, we made a conscious decision to reflect the diversity of our contributing authors by not adhering to a single theme or one specific formatting standard through the articles portion of the Journal. Our writers come from a variety of backgrounds and professional experiences; for this reason, except for purposes of clarity or continuity, we tried to remain as true to the original submissions as possible. Creating an academic journal from scratch is a long and arduous process, and publishing the first edition of the Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities was certainly no exception. I am deeply grateful to our dedicated and highly capable staff of West Point faculty and cadets, and especially to our contributors, who demonstrated a great deal of patience over the last year and a half as we got the JoSH off the ground. Additionally, this work would not have been possible without the sponsorship of West Point’s Department of Social Sciences and the generous financial contributions of the Center for the Study of Civil Military Relations. And thank you, readers of this first edition of the JoSH, for taking the time to read our Journal. I hope our first effort meets your expectations. Charles D. Faint Charles D. Faint Lieutenant Colonel, US Army Editor, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Articles, speeches, and interviews featured in The Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities at West Post (JoSH) represent only the personal opinions of individual authors/speakers. Nothing in this Journal represents the official opinion of any organization, including the United States Military Academy, the Department of Defense, or the United States Government. Transcripts of speeches used in this Journal are provided courtesy of the Public Affairs Office of the United States Military Academy, the West Point Association of Graduates, and the Department of Defense. Republication of individual articles and interviews featured in the JoSH is permitted as long as the author is credited and the Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities is cited as the original publisher. Permission for republication of speeches resides with the United States Military Academy or the West Point Association of Graduates, as appropriate. The point of contact for the editor is [email protected]. Copyright © 2016, The Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities at West Point. The Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities at West Point Editorial Board United States Military Academy Faculty Advisers Editor in Chief: LTC Charles Faint Executive Director: Dr. Edward Canuel Managing Editor: MAJ Adam Scher Editor for Articles: Dr. Rachel Yon Editor for Interviews: MAJ Sean Case Editor for Op/Eds: MAJ Seth Johnston Editor for Book Reviews: Dr. Jessica Stock Business Manager: MAJ Meghan Cumpston Editor at Large: 2LT Carson Warnberg United States Military Academy Cadet Staff Editor in Chief: Ethan Muhs / Hope Anslem Executive Director: Sean McQuade Managing Editor: Aaron Spikol Editor for Articles: Leora Reyhan / Shawn Burroughs Editor for Interviews: Francis Ambrogio Editor for Op/Eds: Will Moore Editor for Book Reviews: Aaron Pell Business Manager: Renee Mihail / Taylor Wilby Table of Contents Articles, Op-Eds, and Book Reviews Unraveling Arctic Law: 1 The Aarhus University Inaugural Lecture by Edward Canuel 11 “Cadetspeak:” Understanding Dialect at West Point by Daniel Glockler In Service to our Female Veterans: 18 The Disparities in Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare by Jessica Frankeberger Designing a Framework: Compensation as a Consequence 23 of Environmental Damage Caused by Military Activities by Sandra Cassotta 29 The European Union: A Quest for Security Policy by Filip Tuček 39 Trade, Globalization, and U.S. Foreign Policy by Liesl Himmelberger 47 Contra Freidman: A Case for National Conscription by Saythala Phonexayphova Beyond Mars and Venus: 57 The Transatlantic Relationship in a Unipolar World by Donna Horning 70 Why Minorities Rebel by Nils Olsen 78 Determining the Effect of Attractiveness on Cadet Grades by Jeffrey Rush 90 Al-Shabab in Somalia: Weakened, but Still Dealing in Evil by Harald Edinger 96 Stability through Sustainability by Helle Bank Jorgensen and Grant Gibbs A Critique of Douglas Porch’s 99 Counterinsurgency: Exposing the Myths of a New Way of War by Nathan Canestaro Tearmainn na hÉireann: Direct Provision Housing, Child Asylum 114 Seekers, and Violations of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child by Narinthon Luangrath US Intelligence and the First Soviet Nuclear Weapon Test: 125 What Elements Contributed to the U.S. Intelligence Failure? by Felipe Umaña _____ Interviews 136 The US Army, Past, Present and Future: An Interview with General (Retired) David Petraeus 142 From the Front Lines to the Home Front: An Interview with Pulitzer Prize Winner Dexter Filkins 147 Disaster, Intervention, and Innovation: An Interview with Ambassador William Garvelink 154 Cyber, Civil Liberties, and Strategic Communication: An Interview with Dr. Emily Goldman 159 Realism in a Changing World: An Interview with Dr. John Mearsheimer _____ Speeches Security Threats Past, Present and Future: 168 2014 West Point Graduation Speech by the President of the United States, Barack H. Obama Defending Our Values and Interests: 178 2014 Thayer Award Acceptance Speech by former Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice A Sailor’s Perspective on the United States Army: 183 2014 “500th Night” Speech by the commander of SOCOM, Admiral William R. McRaven We Can Never Do Enough: 188 2015 Thayer Award Acceptance Speech by Actor, Activist, and Thayer Award Winner Mr. Gary Sinise A Solid Spirit, and a Solid Heart: 194 2016 “Fireside Chat” With West Point Cadets by Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter A Speaker of Words and a Doer of Deeds: 206 Literature and Leadership Lessons by Harvard University President Dr. Drew Frost _____ Articles, Book Reviews, and Op-Eds Unraveling Arctic Law: The Aarhus University Inaugural Lecture1 by Dr. Ed Canuel Today, we will unravel Arctic Law and analyze this legal field’s foundations. At the highest level, Arctic law involves the law of, in or directly affecting the Arctic. But how do we identify the foundations of this emerging legal field? Perhaps a simple childhood game provides a clue. Last summer I was at the Copenhagen central railway station, awaiting a train to Aarhus. Three boys were in a fix. Despite my terrible understanding of Danish, I could discern that they missed their scheduled train back home--unfortunately their quest to find the ultimate city bakery took longer than anticipated. The boys would now arrive home late--and their mom would not be happy. I then saw the boys extend their arms and start speaking “sten, papir, seks”--the game we know back home in the U.S. as rock, paper, scissors. This decision-making (or decision-forcing) game involves a relationship between the three objects, each trumping the other. As I saw a very grumpy boy make a call home to tell his mother that he would be late, it came to me: Arctic law is, in a sense, like a complementary game of sten, papir, seks. Today’s lecture will define Arctic law within this framework. We’ll start off with rock or hard law, move to paper or soft law, followed by the scissor’s blades, representing domestic law and transboundary private law. At the end, I’ll suggest how the Aarhus University’s International and Transnational Tendencies in Law (INTRAlaw) Center, encouraging academic, governmental and private sector cooperation, can provide and encourage deep insights into the unraveled Arctic law. A. Hard Law as Rock: Durability, Influence in the Arctic, Evolution and Domestic Processes Hard law is our rock, recognized as legally binding obligations that define the conduct that they require or proscribe. Hard law, or compulsory law, has often focused on treaties. This takes us back to the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which, among other things, ensures that the equality and sovereignty of all states are protected. Arguable benefits from hard law include the reduction of transaction costs from future repeat interactions (such as negotiating and enforcement mechanisms, ex ante and ex post), as opposed to the costs of restricting a state’s behavior and sovereignty. 1 The author, Dr. Edward T. Canuel, is a U.S. Foreign Service Officer with extensive international law experience, particularly involving comparative contract, energy and Arctic law. He received his B.A. in Political Science and Philosophy from Boston College (summa cum laude) as well as a Juris Doctor from Boston College. Dr. Canuel received his Masters of Law (Business Law) from Osgoode Hall where he was subsequently named a Visiting Scholar. He received his Ph.D. in international private law from the University of Oslo. This piece is his inaugural lecture presented at Aarhus University on October 24, 2014, where he was named an Honorary University Professor. Note that this document does not express the views of the U.S. government. 1 There are no treaties exclusively contending with the Arctic. We do see, however, treaties and conventions which contend with Arctic-related issues.