REGIONAL MIGRATION REPORT: SOUTH CAUCASUS Edited by: Anna Bara, Anna Di Bartolomeo, Zuzanna Brunarska, Shushanik Makaryan, Sergo Mananashvili, and Agnieszka Weinar This Report has been published by the European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Migration Policy Centre within the framework of the CARIM-East project. © European University Institute 2013 The Migration Policy Centre at the European University Institute, Florence, conducts advanced research on global migration to serve migration governance needs at European level, from developing, implementing and monitoring migration-related policies to assessing their impact on the wider economy and society. The CARIM-East project is the first migration observatory focused on the Eastern Neighbourhood of the European Union and covers all countries of the Eastern Partnership initiative (Belarus, Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) and Russian Federation. More information about CARIM-East and links to an electronic version of this file, which is available free of charge, may be found on the project website at www.carim-east.eu For queries regarding this publication, please contact the MPC at [email protected] CONTACTS Migration Policy Centre Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies European University Institute Via delle Fontanelle 19 I-50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy Tel: (+39) 055 4685 817 Fax: (+39) 055 4685 770 Email: [email protected] MPC website: www.migrationpolicycentre.eu CARIM-East website: www.carim-east.eu The CARIM-East project is co-financed by the European Union. This publication reflects the views only of the author(s), and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. List of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1: Statistical Data Collection on Migration .......................................................................... 5 Statistical Data Collection on Migration in Armenia .............................................................................. 7 The Collection of Statistical Data on Migration in Azerbaijan ............................................................ 13 Statistical Data Collection on Migration in Georgia ............................................................................. 19 Chapter 2: Legal Framework on Migration and Asylum ................................................................ 27 The legal framework on Migration and Asylum – Armenia ................................................................. 29 The legal framework on Migration and Asylum – Azerbaijan ............................................................. 37 The legal framework on Migration and Asylum – Georgia .................................................................. 47 Chapter 3: Institutional and Policy Framework on Migration and Asylum .................................. 57 On Migration Policy Framework in the Republic Armenia .................................................................. 59 On the Institutional Structure of Migration in the Republic Armenia ................................................... 65 A New Immigration Policy in Azerbaijan ............................................................................................. 79 General Trends of Migration Processes and Policy in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan (immigration and emigration) ........................................................................................................................................... 85 State of Return Migration Policy and Research: Case of Georgia ........................................................ 91 Chapter 4: Circular Migration ........................................................................................................... 99 The Demographic and Economic Framework of Circular Migration in Armenia .............................. 101 Legal Aspects of Circular Migration in the Republic of Armenia ...................................................... 113 Circular Migration in Armenia ............................................................................................................ 119 The Demographic and Economic Framework of Circular Migration in Azerbaijan ........................... 129 The Legal Framework for Circular Migration in Azerbaijan .............................................................. 139 Azerbaijan in the Context of Circular Migration Processes ................................................................ 145 The Demographic and Economic Framework of Circular Migration in Georgia ................................ 153 The Legal Framework for Circular Migration in Georgia ................................................................... 159 Circular Migration in Georgia ............................................................................................................. 165 Chapter 5: Return and Readmission ............................................................................................... 173 Return and Readmission: The Case of Armenia ................................................................................. 175 The Republic of Armenia’s Legal Framework for Readmission, Return and Reintegration .............. 181 Readmission, Return and Reintegration in Armenia ........................................................................... 189 Azerbaijan: Readmission and Interstate Agreements .......................................................................... 197 Readmission, Return and Reintegration: Legal Framework in the Republic of Azerbaijan ............... 203 Azerbaijan: Readmission, Return and Reintegration in the Socio-Political Context .......................... 213 Readmission, Return and Reintegration in Georgia ............................................................................ 221 Return, Readmission and Reintegration: The legal framework in Georgia ......................................... 229 Readmission, Return and Reintegration in Georgia ............................................................................ 237 Chapter 6: Trafficking in The Human Beings ................................................................................ 249 Trafficking in Armenia ........................................................................................................................ 251 Legal Aspects of the Fight against Human Trafficking in the Republic of Armenia .......................... 257 Human Trafficking in Armenia ........................................................................................................... 263 The Problem of Human Trafficking in Azerbaijan .............................................................................. 271 Legal Aspects of Struggle against Human Trafficking in Azerbaijan ................................................. 277 The Problem of Human Trafficking in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan: Socio-Political Context ................... 283 Human Trafficking in Georgia - Official Data on Human Trafficking ............................................... 289 Legal Aspects of Combating Human Trafficking in Georgia ............................................................. 295 Human Trafficking: Georgia ............................................................................................................... 301 Chapter 7: Emigration and Diaspora Policies ................................................................................ 309 Emigration and Diaspora of the Republic of Armenia ........................................................................ 311 Diaspora-Building in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan ..................................................................................... 319 Policy on Migration and Diasporas in Georgia ................................................................................... 325 Chapter 8: The Discourses on Migration ........................................................................................ 335 Migration Rhetoric in Armenian Political Parties’ Programs .............................................................. 337 Political Parties and Migration Issues in Azerbaijan: Discussions about Migration Attractiveness of the Republic and Problems of Compatriots abroad ......................................................................... 345 Migration in the Agendas/Programmes of Political Factions and Political Parties in the Parliament of Georgia, 2011 .................................................................................................................................. 351 Chapter 9: Asylum Seekers, Refugees and IDPs: Recognition, Social Protection and Integration . Refugees, Displaced Persons and Asylum Seekers in Armenia .......................................................... 363 Socio-Economic Rights of Refugees, Asylum Seekers and IDPs in the Republic of Armenia........... 371 Asylum, Refugees and IDPs: The Challenges of Social Cohesion in Armenia .................................. 379 Asylum Seekers, Refugees, and IDPs in Azerbaijan: Issues and Perspectives ................................... 387 Social and Economic Rights of Refugees and Displaced Persons in Azerbaijan ................................ 399 Refugees and Forced Migrants in Azerbaijan: the Political Context................................................... 405