Reference Smith, DAVID HORTON SMIth received his Ph.D. Stebbins, This reference work presents clear, consistent, in Sociology from Harvard University (1965) and carefully cross-referenced definitions for and Dover and has spent most of his career as a professor in A DICTIONARY OF more than 1,200 terms and concepts that have that field at Boston College, retiring in 2004. He been found useful in past research and theory is the founder of the Association for Research on on the nonprofit sector. The entries reflect the Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action importance of associations, volunteering, citizen (ARNOVA) and its journal. In 1994 he re- participation, philanthropy, voluntary action, ceived the first ARNOVA Lifetime Achievement A nonprofit management, volunteer administra- Award. His career-long central interest has been tion, leisure, and political activities of nonprofits. grassroots association. His most recent book is An essential resource DICTIONARY Nonprofit They also reflect a concern for the wider range of Grassroots Associations (2000). OF useful general concepts in theory and research that bear on the nonprofit sector and its manifes- ROBERT A. STEbbIns, FRSC, is Faculty for anyone in tations in the United States and elsewhere. Professor in the Department of Sociology, Nonprofit Although the definitions are presented in University of Calgary. He received his Ph.D. from Terms Terms alphabetic order, they can also be clustered into the University of Minnesota (1964). He has writ- the nonprofit sector & & ten meaningful sets: general concepts relevant ten thirty-two books, including Between Work to any researcher in the field; concepts related and Leisure and Volunteering as Leisure/Leisure Concepts to nonprofit political activity; concepts that deal as Volunteering: An International Assessment as with associations; concepts centered on volun- well as numerous articles and chapters. Stebbins teers; terms related to philanthropy; terms refer- is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Concepts ring to nonprofit management; terms referring to volunteer administration; terms referring to MIchaEL A. DOVER is Assistant Professor at leisure; terms concerning religion; and, finally, Central Michigan University in the Department terms concerning the law. These ten sets are not of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work. mutually exclusive, and scholars with different His voluntary action began in the anti-war, al- interests could undoubtedly add more terms to ternative press, and Chile solidarity movements these sets. from 1966 to 1974. In 1975, he entered social The dictionary serves as a glossary designed work, earning degrees at Adelphi and Columbia. to help move the field toward a commonly held He was co-convenor in 1985 of the Bertha Capen set of definitions that may be employed in non- Reynolds Society (now the Social Welfare Action profit sector research within and across nations Alliance), a national organization of social work and languages. With few exceptions, each entry and human service activists. INDIANA is linked by at least one reference to the relevant literature or website that either identifies the ori- University Press gin of the term or concept or that provides illus- Bloomington & Indianapolis PHILANTHROPIC AND NONPROFIT STUDIES trative theory, research, or practice bearing on it. Dwight F. Burlingame and David C. Hammack, http://iupress.indiana.edu The dictionary supplies some of the foundation- editors 1-800-842-6796 al work necessary on the road toward a general David Horton Smith, theory of the nonprofit sector. ISBN-13: 978-0-253-34783-1 Robert A. Stebbins, ISBN-10: 0-253-34783-1 INDIANA and Michael A. Dover A Dictionary of Nonprofit Terms and Concepts PHILANTHROPIC AND NONPROFIT STUDIES Dwight F. Burlingame and David C. Hammack, editors A Dictionary of Nonprofit Terms and Concepts David Horton Smith, Robert A. Stebbins, and Michael A. Dover INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS Bloomington &Indianapolis This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, IN 47404-3797 USA http://iupress.indiana.edu Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Fax orders 812-855-7931 Orders by e-mail [email protected] ᭧ 2006 by David Horton Smith, Robert A. Stebbins, and Michael A. Dover All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. manufactured in the united states of america Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smith, David Horton. A dictionary of nonprofit terms and concepts / David Horton Smith, Robert A. Stebbins, and Michael A. Dover. p. cm.—(Philanthropic and nonprofit studies) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-253-34783-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Nonprofit organizations—Terminology—Dictionaries. 2. Voluntarism— Terminology—Dictionaries. 3. Charities—Terminology— Dictionaries. 4. Social action—Terminology—Dictionaries. 5. Social participation—Terminology—Dictionaries. 6. Political participation— Terminology—Dictionaries. 7. Leisure—Social aspects—Terminology— Dictionaries. I. Stebbins, Robert A., date II. Dover, Michael A. III. Title. IV. Series. HD2769.15.S63 2006 361.003—dc22 2006005271 1235111009080706 For Catherine D. H. S. a` Alain et Jose´e Bertrand R. A. S. Contents preface ix acknowledgments xiii lexicographic note xv Introduction: Defining Nonprofit/Voluntary Sector Terms and Concepts 1 Dictionary of Terms and Concepts 13 bibliography 251 index 319 vii Preface The roots of this book go back over thirty years to when the senior author was founding and building the international, interprofessional, interdiscipli- nary organization now named the Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action (ARNOVA) (see Smith 1999; Smith 2003). It was clear to him that part of the task of bringing together the parts of some thirty different fields, disciplines, and professions into a new field and association would involve identifying the terms most frequently used in those existing fields for the common phenomena of associations, volunteer- ing, the nonprofit sector, and voluntary action broadly conceived. To this end, Smith compiled a list of terms and concepts used in thirty fields he identified as relevant to nonprofit and voluntary action research and listed them, without definitions, in the first article of the first regular issue of the Journal of Voluntary Action Research, the forerunner of the cur- rent ARNOVA journal Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly (Smith 1972b). Many of those terms listed are now defined in this dictionary, along with hundreds of others, many of which are more recent in origin. Later in the 1970s, Smith worked on founding and building a more clearly international association focused on nonprofit and voluntary action research, since the Association of Voluntary Action Scholars (renamed AR- NOVA in 1990) was largely North American in composition. In the process of this second association-building effort (Smith 2003:470–471) that resulted in the now defunct International Voluntary Action and Voluntary Organi- zation Research Organization (IVAR-VOIR), Smith collaborated with several scholars from other nations in creating a list of seventy-five key nonprofit organization and voluntary action terms in American English and, to the ix Preface extent possible, their equivalents in various other languages. Although the project was never funded or completed, an initial paper based on it (Smith et al. 1992) was presented in March 1992 at the Third International Confer- ence of Research on Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, held in Indi- anapolis, Indiana, and organized by the Center on Philanthropy of Indiana University at Indianapolis. The languages included were American English, British English, Dutch, Italian, French, and German. The last section of the paper consisted of a glossary of thirty-nine of the terms defined by the senior author—perhaps the first attempt at such an endeavor as well as being a forerunner of this book. The seventy-five terms and concepts from the foregoing effort formed the core of a subsequent effort by Smith (1996a) to define more than two hundred nonprofit/voluntary sector terms as an aid to writing his book Grassroots Associations (Smith 2000). This paper was unsuitable for a journal article and too small for a book and was therefore never published. While developing for Smith a Procite database of his references for the 2000 book, Dover shared with Smith copies of his two glossaries of nearly a thousand terms (less than a hundred used in this dictionary), compiled as part of his preparation for his Status and Power preliminary examination in sociology and his Older Adult Volunteer Participation preliminary examination in so- cial work, both at the Doctoral Program in Social Work and Social Science at the University of Michigan. Plans were made at that time to prepare a co- authored volume, cited in the 2000 book as forthcoming under the title Concepts and Terminology for Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Studies. How- ever, preparation of this volume was delayed by Dover’s dissertation