Marine Vertebrates and Low Frequency Sound: Technical Report for LFA EIS Item Type monograph Authors Croll, Donald A.; Tershy, Bernie R.; Acevedo, Alejandro; Levin, Phil Publisher University of California Santa Cruz, Institute of Marine Sciences, Marine Mammal and Seabird Ecology Group Download date 03/10/2021 23:52:41 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/35442 MARINE VERTEBRATES AND LOW FREQUENCY SOUND TECHNICAL REPORT FOR LFA EIS 28 February, 1999 Prepared by Donald A. Croll, Bernie R. Tershy, Alejandro Acevedo, and Phil Levin Marine Mammal and Seabird Ecology Group Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz Technical Report TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS: MARINE VERTEBRATES AND LOW FREQUENCY SOUND............................................................ 1 TECHNICAL REPORT FOR LFA EIS..................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................................I INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................I SEA TURTLES............................................................................................................................................ II SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................................. II SEABIRDS ..................................................................................................................................................III SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................. III MUSTELIDAE (OTTERS)........................................................................................................................IV SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................................IV PINNIPEDS.................................................................................................................................................. V SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................................. V CETACEANS............................................................................................................................................ VII SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................VII SIRENIDAE (MANATEES AND DUGONGS) .......................................................................................XI SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................................XI MARINE FISHES (By Phil Levin)...........................................................................................................XI SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................................XI Taxonomic Coverage........................................................................................................................... XI Hearing Capabilities and Sound Production in Fish .........................................................................XII Known and potential impacts of low frequency sound in marine fishes: ...........................................XII Reducing and mitigating impacts of SURTASS LFA on marine fishes...............................................XII General Research Recommendations................................................................................................XIII CHAPTER 1: MARINE FISHES (BY Phil Levin) .................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION - EFFECTS OF LOW FREQUENCY SOUND ON FISHES................................... 1 TAXONOMIC COVERAGE OF THIS REPORT................................................................................................... 1 THE ACOUSTICO-LATERALIS SYSTEM IN FISHES ......................................................................................... 1 The inner ear......................................................................................................................................... 1 Getting sound to the ear........................................................................................................................ 2 The lateral line ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Interactions between the ear and lateral line........................................................................................ 3 HEARING CAPABILITIES AND SOUND PRODUCTION IN FISH ........................................................................ 3 Overview ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Hearing range and sound production in marine fishes: a summary .................................................... 3 Known and potential impacts of low frequency sound in marine fishes: a summary........................... 3 Reducing and mitigating impacts of SURTASS LFA on marine fishes: a summary............................. 4 General Research Recommendations.................................................................................................... 4 ORDER HETERDONTIDAE...................................................................................................................... 5 U.S. Fish and Wildlife or IUCN Status .............................................................................................................5 Distribution........................................................................................................................................................5 Technical Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Natural History Notes........................................................................................................................................5 Hearing Range and Sound Production...............................................................................................................5 Known and potential impacts of low frequency sound......................................................................................5 Reducing and mitigating impacts of SURTASS LFA .......................................................................................6 ORDER LAMNIFORMES .......................................................................................................................... 6 U.S. Fish and Wildlife or IUCN Status .............................................................................................................6 Distribution........................................................................................................................................................6 Natural History Notes........................................................................................................................................7 Hearing Range and Sound Production...............................................................................................................9 Known and potential impacts of low frequency sound....................................................................................10 Reducing and mitigating impacts of SURTASS LFA .....................................................................................10 ORDER RAJIFORMES - SKATES AND RAYS .................................................................................... 10 U.S. Fish and Wildlife or IUCN Status ...........................................................................................................10 Distribution......................................................................................................................................................10 Natural History Notes......................................................................................................................................10 Hearing Range and Sound Production.............................................................................................................11 Known and potential impacts of low frequency sound....................................................................................11 Reducing and mitigating impacts of U.S. Navy Low Frequency Active Acoustic System..............................11 ORDER ELOPIFORMES.......................................................................................................................... 11 U.S. Fish and Wildlife or IUCN Status ...........................................................................................................11 Distribution......................................................................................................................................................11 Natural History Notes......................................................................................................................................12 Hearing Range and Sound Production.............................................................................................................12