End-of-waste criteria for biodegradable waste subjected to biological treatment (compost & digestate): Technical proposals Hans Saveyn & Peter Eder 2014 Report EUR 26425 EN European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Contact information Address: Edificio Expo. c/ Inca Garcilaso, 3. E-41092 Seville (Spain) E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +34 954488318 Fax: +34 954488300 http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/. JRC87124 EUR 26425 EN ISBN 978-92-79-35062-7 (pdf) ISSN 1831-9424 (online) doi:10.2791/6295 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014 © European Union, 2014 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Spain End-of-waste criteria for biodegradable waste subjected to biological treatment (compost & digestate): Technical proposals Final Report December 2013 IPTS Sevilla, Spain 1 Table of contents Table of contents ........................................................................................................................... 2 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Working scope definition ................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Structure of this document .............................................................................................. 7 1.5 Overview of major changes to consecutive documents .................................................. 8 2 Background information on compost and digestate ...................................................... 11 2.1 Types of biodegradable waste ....................................................................................... 11 2.2 Treatment options.......................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Developments in the treatment of biodegradable waste ............................................... 16 2.4 Compost and digestate applications .............................................................................. 21 2.5 Economic and market aspects ....................................................................................... 26 2.6 Standards and technical specifications .......................................................................... 42 2.7 Legislative aspects ........................................................................................................ 52 2.8 Environmental and health issues ................................................................................... 63 3 Pollutant occurrence in compost and digestate ............................................................. 75 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 75 3.2 Objectives of the JRC Sampling and Analysis Campaign (JSAC) ............................... 76 3.3 Organisation of the JSAC ............................................................................................. 76 3.4 Sample distribution ....................................................................................................... 78 3.5 Analytical results and discussion .................................................................................. 80 3.6 Conclusions and recommendations ............................................................................. 104 4 Proposed Scope and End-of-waste criteria ................................................................. 106 4.1 Scope options and proposed definition ....................................................................... 106 4.2 Background considerations on end-of-waste criteria .................................................. 117 4.3 Outline of end-of-waste criteria .................................................................................. 125 4.4 Product quality requirements for compost and digestate ............................................ 125 4.5 Requirements on input materials ................................................................................. 154 4.6 Requirements on treatment processes and techniques ................................................ 165 4.7 Requirements on the provision of information ........................................................... 170 4.8 Requirements on quality assurance procedures (quality management) ...................... 176 4.9 Application of end-of-waste criteria ........................................................................... 180 5 Description of impacts ................................................................................................ 183 5.1 Environmental and health impact................................................................................ 183 5.2 Economic impact ......................................................................................................... 186 5.3 Market impact ............................................................................................................. 192 5.4 Legislative impact ....................................................................................................... 198 6 References ................................................................................................................... 202 7 Glossary, abbreviations and acronyms ........................................................................ 208 Annex 1: Biodegradable waste management in the EU ............................................................ 212 Annex 2: Waste and product approaches for compost .............................................................. 219 Annex 3: Heavy metal limits for compost/digestate ................................................................. 225 Annex 4: Impurities limits for compost .................................................................................... 228 Annex 5: Hygienisation provisions for compost ....................................................................... 230 2 Annex 6: Compost use regulation ............................................................................................. 233 Annex 7: Metal dosage limits .................................................................................................... 236 Annex 8: Compost quality assurance schemes ......................................................................... 238 Annex 9: Time-temperature profiles for compost ..................................................................... 242 Annex 10: Possible compost product property parameters ....................................................... 244 Annex 11: Initial proposal product quality requirements compost ........................................... 245 Annex 12: Compost and digestate sampling and testing methods ............................................ 251 Annex 13: UK PAS 110 for digestate ....................................................................................... 260 Annex 14: Swedish SPCR 120 for digestate ............................................................................. 262 Annex 15: German RAL GZ 245 for digestate ......................................................................... 263 Annex 16: Belgian VLACO QAS for digestate ........................................................................ 264 Annex 17: UK Biofertiliser Scheme ......................................................................................... 268 Annex 18: AD Quality Protocol ................................................................................................ 271 Annex 19: Proposed end-of-waste criteria from 2nd Working Document ................................. 276 Annex 20: Proposed end-of-waste criteria from 3rd Working Document ................................. 289 Annex 21: Calculation of the population in EU border zones .................................................. 305 3 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC, in the following referred to as ‘the Directive’ or WFD) among other amendments introduces a new procedure for defining end-of-waste (EoW) criteria, which are criteria that a given waste stream has to fulfil in order to cease to be waste. Waste streams that are candidates for this procedure must have undergone a recovery operation, and comply with a set of specific criteria. These criteria are yet to be defined for each specific waste stream, but the general conditions that a waste material has to follow are defined by Article 6 of the WFD in the following terms: ‘certain specified waste shall cease to be waste [within the