Palaeontology Survey of the Broome Sandstone - Browse LNG Precinct Report November 2011 R. T. McCrea, M. G. Lockley, P. W. Haines, and N. Draper McCrea. R. T., Lockley, M. G., Haines, P. W and Draper, N. 2011. Palaeontology Survey of the Broome Sandstone - Browse LNG Precinct Report. Department of State Development, Government of Western Australia. 120p. i Palaeontology Survey of the Broome Sandstone - Browse LNG Precinct Report Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................ iv Preface ...................................................................................................... v Glossary of terms ................................................................................... vi 1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ............................................................... 3 1.3 Summary of Existing Knowledge ................................................ 4 2 Methodology .................................................................................... 7 2.1 Survey Locations ........................................................................ 7 2.2 Field Methodology ....................................................................... 7 2.3 Team Members and Roles: ......................................................... 8 2.4 Fieldwork Contingencies and Final Survey Schedule ................. 9 2.5 Indigenous knowledge ............................................................... 11 2.6 Independent Peer Review ......................................................... 11 3. Results ........................................................................................... 11 3.1 Geological overview and palaeo-environment .......................... 11 3.2 Dinosaur palaeontology ................................................................ 19 Individual findings at survey locations .................................................. 36 Cable Beach ........................................................................................ 36 Town Beach ......................................................................................... 37 Gantheaume Point/Beach .................................................................... 37 Redcliffs/Crab Creek Road .................................................................. 38 Riddell Beach/Port Beach .................................................................... 39 Quondong Point ................................................................................... 39 James Price Point ................................................................................ 39 North Pipeline Corridor ........................................................................ 39 South Pipeline Corridor ........................................................................ 40 Port Precinct (Including James Price Point) ......................................... 40 Zones of Direct Impact (North and South Pipeline Corridors and Port Precinct Area) ...................................................................................... 41 4. Discussion ..................................................................................... 43 4.1 General observations, local, regional and international context 43 4.2 Conclusions .............................................................................. 48 4.3 Recommendations .................................................................... 49 References ............................................................................................. 51 Appendices ............................................................................................ 54 ii Palaeontology Survey of the Broome Sandstone - Browse LNG Precinct Report Appendix 1 – EPA request for additional study .................................. 55 Appendix 2 – Summary of existing knowledge ................................... 58 1.1 Previous Palaeontological Research ........................................ 58 1.2 Palaeo-environmental Research ............................................... 79 1.3 Other Sources of Information .................................................... 80 1.4 Kimberley National Heritage List Declaration ............................ 81 Appendix 3 – Scope of work and work plan ........................................ 86 Appendix 4 – Detailed and site specific geo-referenced findings (on disc only and excluded from publicly available document) ....................... 96 Appendix 5 – Peer review comments and close out letters ............. 112 iii Palaeontology Survey of the Broome Sandstone - Browse LNG Precinct Report Acknowledgements The support of the Traditional Owners of areas surveyed is acknowledged including Jabirr Jabirr and members of the Environment and Cultural Heritage Team (ECHT), Goolarabooloo and Yawuru. Thanks are given for enabling access to their country for surveys and for the provision of observers and advice. The role of the Kimberley Land Council for their support and coordination of Jabirr Jabirr observers and consultation events with the ECHT is also acknowledged. State government agencies that also supported this work included the WA Museum who, through Dr Mikael Siversson, Curator of Palaeontology had input to planning field work; the Geological Survey of WA who, primarily through the participation of Dr Peter Haines, provided expertise, advice and resources for field work; and the Department of Environment and Conservation who facilitated the accompaniment of the Yawuru Rangers. Lastly but not least, Dr Steve Salisbury of the University of Queensland is thanked for assistance in locating relevant palaeontological sites and sharing his knowledge of them in the vicinity of James Price Point. iv Palaeontology Survey of the Broome Sandstone - Browse LNG Precinct Report Preface It should be noted that while primary authorship of this report rests with Richard McCrea, Curator of the Peace Region Palaeontology Research Centre, British Columbia, Canada and Dr Martin Lockley, Professor of Geology at the University of Colorado at Denver, USA, support for the development of a number of sections rests with other members of the survey team. In particular Section 3.1 Geological overview and palaeo-environment was drafted by Dr Peter Haines, Senior Geologist with the Geological Survey of Western Australia with a small addition regarding the area at James Price Point prepared by Martin Lockley. In addition Section 1.3 and Appendix 2 Summary of Existing Knowledge were developed by Dr Neale Draper of Australian Cultural Heritage Management. Lastly Section 1.1 Background, was provided by the Department of State Development. v Palaeontology Survey of the Broome Sandstone - Browse LNG Precinct Report Glossary of terms Ankylosaurs: see Thyreophorans Footprint: A synonym for a single ‗track‘ (see trackway and tracksite). Likely has a morphology that reflects the track maker‘s foot anatomy if well preserved. Ichnology: the study of tracks and traces. Thus, a tracker is an ichnologist. Ichnotaxonomy: the scientific process of naming of trace fossils. Essentially adopts the same procedures as used in naming other fossils, and living plants and animals as laid down in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Thus a ―track species‖ is an ichnospecies (e.g., Megalosauropus broomensis) and a ―track genus‖ is an ichnogenus. Megatracksite: a regionally extensive track-bearing unit of strata, that can be reliably correlated for tens of hundreds of kilometres. Also popularly known as a ―dinosaur freeway‖. Well studied megatracksites are mostly identified as ancient coastal plain deposits. Ornithopods: (from Ornithopoda, meaning bird foot) A group of vegetarian dinosaurs belonging to the bird hipped group (Ornithischia). Mostly bipedal, and mostly three-toed, with blunt digits. Sauropods: (from Sauropoda meaning reptile foot). Long-necked, long-tailed dinosaurs also know as a ‗brontosaurs‘ belonging to the lizard hipped dinosaurs (Saurischia). Quadrupedal vegetarians and almost all large with elephantine feet. Stegosaurs: see Thyreophorans Theropods: (from Theropoda meaning beast foot). Carnivorous dinosaurs belonging to the lizard hipped group (Saurischia). Almost always bipedal, and mostly functionally three-toed. Thyreophorans: (from Thyreophora meaning shield bearers) a group of vegetarian dinosaurs that includes the armoured dinosaurs (Ankylosaurs, (referring to fused armour) and the Stegosaurs (meaning plated dinosaurs). Both groups were mostly or exclusively vegetarian quadrupeds. Their tracks, especially the front footprints, are difficult to tell apart. Trackway: a series of tracks (or footprints made by a single animal progressing in a discernable direction. Track site: a single location with recognized tracks and trackways. May be as few as a single track, or may be as many as thousands of tracks and trackways. Usually distinguished from other track sites by having a separate geographical location. Many important sites have their own geographical or other names. Trampling: in the context of fossil footprint studies ‗trampling‘ usually refers to track- bearing surfaces where the density of tracks is so high as to make individual tracks vi Palaeontology Survey of the Broome Sandstone - Browse LNG Precinct Report and trackways difficult to discern.