Cover photographs: Top: Steelhead Falls on the Deschutes River near Crooked River Ranch, Oregon. Middle: Crooked River Canyon at Crooked River Ranch, Oregon. Bottom: North and Middle Sister with a wheel-line irrigation system in the foreground, near Sisters, Oregon. (Photographs by Rodney R. Caldwell, U.S. Geological Survey.) U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Simulation of Regional Ground-Water Flow in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon By MARSHALL W. GANNETT and KENNETH E. LITE JR. Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4195 Prepared in cooperation with Oregon Water Resources Department; Cities of Bend, Redmond, and Sisters; Deschutes and Jefferson Counties; The Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon; and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Portland, Oregon 2004 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. GROAT, Director The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information: Copies of this report may be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services 10615 S.E. Cherry Blossom Dr. Box 25286 Portland, OR 97216-3103 Denver Federal Center E-mail: [email protected] Denver, CO 80225-0286 Internet: http:// or.water.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Gannett, M.W., and Lite, K.E., Jr., 2004, Simulation of regional ground-water flow in the upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4195, 84 p. CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................2 Background and Study Objectives....................................................................................................................................2 Purpose and Scope ............................................................................................................................................................2 Study Area Description.....................................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................................................................3 Ground-Water Hydrology ...........................................................................................................................................................3 Geologic Framework.........................................................................................................................................................3 Ground-Water Flow ..........................................................................................................................................................8 Hydraulic Characteristics................................................................................................................................................11 Horizontal Hydraulic Conductivity.......................................................................................................................11 Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity...........................................................................................................................13 Storage Coefficients..............................................................................................................................................13 Model Description.....................................................................................................................................................................14 Governing Equations and Model Code...........................................................................................................................14 Discretization ..................................................................................................................................................................14 Spatial Discretization ............................................................................................................................................15 Temporal Discretization........................................................................................................................................15 Boundary Conditions ......................................................................................................................................................15 Geographic Boundaries.........................................................................................................................................17 Hydrologic-Process Boundaries............................................................................................................................18 Model Parameters ...........................................................................................................................................................21 Horizontal Hydraulic Conductivity.......................................................................................................................21 Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity...........................................................................................................................23 Storage Coefficients..............................................................................................................................................23 Model Calibration .....................................................................................................................................................................26 Steady-State Calibration .................................................................................................................................................26 Steady-State Calibration Data...............................................................................................................................26 Steady-State Calibration Procedure ......................................................................................................................27 Steady-State Model Parameters ............................................................................................................................29 Parameter Sensitivity ............................................................................................................................................29 Final Parameter Values .........................................................................................................................................30 Steady-State Calibration Model Fit.................................................................................................................................32 Statistical Measures of Model Fit and Parameter Uncertainty .............................................................................32 Comparison of Simulated and Observed Steady-State Heads ..............................................................................35 Comparison of Simulated and Observed Steady-State Ground-Water Flow to and from Streams ......................44 Steady-State Model Water Budget........................................................................................................................48 Transient Calibration.......................................................................................................................................................48 Transient Calibration Data....................................................................................................................................48 Transient Calibration Procedure ...........................................................................................................................49 Comparison of Simulated and Observed Transient Heads ...................................................................................50 Madras/Gateway Area.................................................................................................................................52 Lower Desert Area ......................................................................................................................................52 Black Butte/Upper Metolius River Area.....................................................................................................53 Peninsula Area ............................................................................................................................................53 Lower Squaw Creek/Deep Canyon Area ....................................................................................................54 Redmond Area ............................................................................................................................................54 Sisters/Tumalo Area....................................................................................................................................55 Powell Butte Area .......................................................................................................................................55