BIKOL DICTIONARY PALI LANGUAGE TEXTS: PHILIPPINES (Pacific and Asian Linguistics Institute) Howard P. McKaughan Editor ii BIKOL DICTIONARY by Malcolm W. Mintz Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Inter- national (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non-commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. The license also permits readers to create and share de- rivatives of the work, so long as such derivatives are shared under the same terms of this license. Commercial uses require permission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. The Cre- ative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824878917 (PDF) 9780824878924 (EPUB) This version created: 17 May, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. The work reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the Peace Corps, Washington, D. C. 20525. The opinions ex- pressed herein are those of the author and should not be con- strued as representing the opinions or policies of any agency of the United States government. Copyright © 1971 by University of Hawaii Press All rights reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My partner in collecting the information that appears in this dictionary was Jose Britanico and to him goes my sincerest thanks. Without his patience, work and friendship such a dic- tionary would not have been possible. I would also like to thank others of the Britanico family that worked with me: Marilyn, Carlos, Magno and Daisy; and Celso Eleazar. Others who helped include Nicásio Maralde Jr., Roméo de Mesa, Robérto Bermillo, William Sabaria, Cesar Perfecto, Jaime del Rosario and Jose Vidola. I would also like to extend my thanks to Fr. Francisco Vargas of the Holy Rosary Major Seminary, and to Mr. Honorio Torres, curator of the University of Nueva Carceres Museum. Entries in this dictionary which refer to Bikol mythology have been included with the permission of the Editor of Unitas; A Quarterly Review of the Arts and Sciences Published by the University of Santo Tomas. All such entries are marked with the phrase Bikol mythology. They come from an article by Merito B. Espinas called “A critical Study of the Ibalong, The Bikol Folk Epic-Fragment” appearing in Unitas, Vol. 41- No. 2, June, 1968. vii PREFACE A Bikol Dictionary has been prepared under contract no. PC-25-1507 by the Pacific and Asian Linguistics Institute (PALI) through the Office of Training Support, Language Division, Peace Corps Washington D.C. It forms a part of a series on Bikol which includes lesson materials in the Bikol Text and Bikol Grammar Notes, all by Malcolm W. Mintz. The Bikol materials in turn are a part of a larger series under the title of PALI Language Texts: Philippines, all under the editorship of the undersigned. These materials have been developed for both Peace Corps Volunteers and other English speaking peoples interested in learning Philippine languages. This dictionary will be especially helpful for learners who con- tinue language study after a basic course. It is hoped that these materials can be revised and augmented by later studies. Howard P. McKaughan Editor viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii PREFACE viii INTRODUCTION i GENERAL THE BIKOL ALPHABET 3 ORTHOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION 4 The Policy Adopted in Writing Spanish Loan Words 4 The Policy Adopted in Writing English Loan Words 7 FOREIGN SOUNDS IN BIKOL 9 Consonants 9 Vowels 11 SOUNDS IN BIKOL 13 Consonants 13 Vowels 16 The Diphthongs 19 USE OF THE DICTIONARY 21 GENERAL AFFIXES 25 TENSES 28 STRESS 29 Verbal 29 Non-Verbal 30 COMBINED AFFIX FORMS 31 CAUSATIVE SERIES: PA- 32 MANG- AND PANG- SERIES 34 PANG- AS A NOMINAL 37 MAKI- AND PAKI- SERIES 38 HING- SERIES 40 UNINTENTIONAL ACTION 41 ABILITY SERIES 43 MAGÍN 44 PLURALS 45 Nouns 45 Verbs 45 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Adjectives 46 Part I: BIKOL - ENGLISH 47 - A - 49 - B - 73 - C - 108 - D - 110 - E - 131 - F - 138 - G - 139 - H - 152 - I - 168 - J - 180 - K - 181 - L - 217 - M - 241 - N - 256 - NG - 262 - O - 266 - P - 270 - Q - 303 - R - 304 - S - 318 - SU - 352 - T - 365 - U - 407 - V - 417 - W - 418 - X - 421 - Y - 422 - Z - 424 Part II: ENGLISH - BIKOL 425 - A - 427 - B - 447 - C - 478 - D - 520 - E - 539 - F- 550 - G - 569 - H - 581 - I - 595 - J - 605 - K - 608 x TABLE OF CONTENTS - L - 611 - M - 626 - N - 641 - O - 648 - P - 656 - Q - 682 - R - 684 - S - 702 - T - 752 - U - 773 - V - 777 - W - 781 - X - 795 - Y - 796 - Z - 798 xi INTRODUCTION1 The Bikol region dominates the southernmost peninsula of the island of Luzon and extends into the island provinces of Catanduanes and Masbate. The provinces on the mainland in- clude Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay and Sorsogon. Most of the languages spoken in this region are subsumed under the heading ‘Bikol’, and differences are attributed to di- alect variation. Some of these dialects, however, are so different from the standard dialect that they may upon further inves- tigation eventually be declared languages in their own right. The languages spoken in these provinces which are not con- sidered to be Bikol are (1) Tagalog, spoken throughout most of Camarines Norte up to a line running roughly NE-SW in the general vicinity of the capital city of Daet, and (2) Mas- bateño, spoken on the main island of Masbate, which is gen- erally thought to be more closely related to the Visayan lan- guages to the south. Under the heading ‘Bikol’ the standard dialect is usually at- tributed to the traditional cultural center of Naga City and its immediate environs. This dialect is spoken without major vari- ation in Camarines Norte southeast of Daet, Camarines Sur, except for a section called Rinconada near Western Albay, Eastern Albay including Legazpi City, and most of Northern Sor- sogon. The major influences on this dialect are from the neigh- boring language areas. Thus, standard Bikol as it approaches Tagalog speaking areas tends to become more similar to Tagalog, as is the case in Camarines Norte and Western Ca- marines Sur. As it approaches Visayan The island of Cantuanduanes is usually classified into two di- alect areas, the Northern and the Southern. The Buhi’ dialect is spoken only in a small area around Lake Buhi’ in Camarines Sur. Towns speaking the Rinconada dialect are Baao, Bula’, Iriga, 1 Parts of this introduction, especially those which deal with pronun- ciation and grammar, are taken from the BIKOL TEXT and BIKOL GRAMMAR NOTES where they appear in a fuller form. This dic- tionary was prepared as the third volume in a series which con- tains the above texts as the first two parts. 1 BIKOL DICTIONARY Nabua, and Bato, all located between Pili in Camarines Sur and the Albay provincial line. The Western Albay dialects are spoken in a group of towns between the Rinconada section of Camarines Sur and Legazpi City, including sections of Northern Sorsogon. A significantly different dialect is spoken in each town. This dictionary is based on the standard Bikol dialect spoken in Naga City. 2 THE BIKOL ALPHABET Table I A a BA ba C c DA da E e F f GA ga HA ha I i J j KA ka LA la MA ma NA na NGA nga O o PA pa Q q RA ra SA sa TA ta U u V v WA wa X x YA ya Z z ’A ’a (Glottal Stop) Consonants in the table followed by the vowel a appear in natural Bikol words. Other consonants are used only in loan words from English and in Spanish names. 3 ORTHOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION Bikol, as written in this dictionary, is spelled as it is pro- nounced with very few exceptions. The new spelling is pat- terned basically after the spelling adopted for Pilipino, the na- tional language. (See Table I, The Bikol Alphabet) Bikol however, as written in the Bikol region, is based for the most part on the spelling system of Spanish. This system is still in wide use, though it is gradually being supplanted under the influence of Pilipino. The following explains the changes from a Spanish based orthography to that used in this dictionary. THE POLICY ADOPTED IN WRITING SPANISH LOAN WORDS The c when written in Spanish to convey the sound of [k] as in ‘kite’ is written /k/ in Bikol. cuarto KUÁRTO comedor KOMEDÓR secreto SEKRÉTO The c when written in Spanish to convey the sound of [s] as in ‘self’ is written /s/ in Bikol. cine SÍNE bendicion BENDISIÓN The qu when written in Spanish to convey the sound of [k] as in ‘kite’ is written /k/ in Bikol. queso KÉSO ataque ATÁKE The v in Spanish is written /b/ in Bikol. viernes BIÉRNES salvar SALBÁR 4 ORTHOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION The f in Spanish is written /p/ in Bikol. fundar PUNDÁR dificil DIPÍSIL The ch in Spanish is written /ts/ in Bikol. cheque TSÉKE muchacha MUTSÁTSÁ The x is written /ks/. experiencia EKSPERIÉNSIA The cc with the sound of [ks] as in ‘jinx’ is written /ks/. leccion LEKSIÓN The j written in Spanish to convey the sound of [h] like in ‘house’ is written /h/ in Bikol. jefe HÉPE trabajo TRABÁHO The ñ in Spanish is written /ny/ in Bikol.