Notes 1 Introduction: Performing Male Trouble 1. Anthony Clare, On Men: Masculinity in Crisis (London: Chatto and Windus, 2000), 3. 2. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, (1990) (London and New York: Routledge, 2008), xxix. 3. Calvin Thomas, Masculinity, Psychoanalysis, Straight Queer Theory: Essays on Abjection in Literature, Mass Culture, and Film (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 20. 4. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, xvii. 5. Fay Weldon quoted in Rosalind Coward, Sacred Cows: Is Feminism Relevant to the New Millennium? (London: Harper Collins, 1999), 60. 6. John Waters, ‘Prejudice is Right on if Men are the Victims’, The Irish Times, January 12, 1999. 7. Sam Wollaston, ‘With “Xtremely” Healthy Circulation’, Media Guardian, 24 February 1997. 8. The title is taken from the BBC chat show Kilroy which aired on 22 September 1999, BBC1. 9. John Beynon, Masculinities and Culture (Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press, 2002), 79. 10. Anthony Clare, On Men: Masculinity in Crisis, 3–4, 8. 11. René Girard, Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (London: The Athlone Press, 1995), 48. 12. Christopher W. E. Bigsby, Modern American Drama, 1945–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 371. 13. Aleks Sierz, In-Yer-Face-Theatre: British Drama Today (London: Faber and Faber, 2000), 30. 14. The dates listed refer to production premieres and not necessarily published scripts. 15. Lois Keidan, ‘Blood on the Tracks: The Performance Work of Franko B’, in Lois Keidan, Stuart Morgan and Nicholas Sinclair, Franko B (London: Black Dog Publishing, 1999), 1–6, 3. 16. The dates listed refer to premieres. 17. First published in Screen, vol. 16, no. 3 (Autumn 1975): 6–18. 18. Manohla Dargis, ‘Russell Crowe’s Special Brand of Masculinity’, The New York Times, 4 March 2001. http://www.murphsplace.com/crowe/ dargis2001.html. 19. The film has already been studied by other critics and for this reason is not considered here. See Lynn M. Ta, ‘Hurt So Good: Fight Club, Masculine Violence, and the Crisis of Capitalism’. Journal of American Culture, vol. 29, no. 3 (2006): 265–77. 20. The dates listed refer to premieres. 191 192 Notes 21. Lynn Segal, words delivered as part of the opening address to the confer- ence ‘Posting the Male’, John Moores University, Liverpool, August 2000. Quoted in John Beynon, Masculinities and Culture, 93. 22. Pamela Robertson quoted in John Beynon, Masculinities and Culture, 94. 23. Robert William Connell, taken from ‘Arms and the Man’, a paper prepared for a UNESCO expert group meeting on ‘Male Roles and Masculinities in the Perspective of a Culture of Peace’. See http://www.peacenews.info/ issues/2443/connell.html. 24. Charles Taylor, Modern Social Imaginaries (London and Durham: Duke University Press, 2004), 1. 25. Taken from an unpublished paper by Michael Mangan, ‘Shakespeare’s First Action Heroes: Critical Masculinities in Culture, both Popular and Unpopular’, quoted in Beynon, Masculinities and Culture, 90. 26. This is the thesis forwarded by George Mosse throughout The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). 27. Leon Hunt, British Low Culture: From Safari Suits to Sexploitation (London and New York: Routledge, 1998), 72. 28. Susan Jeffords explores the relationship between gender and political dynamics throughout her book The Remasculinization of America: Gender and the Vietnam War (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989). 29. John Beynon, Masculinities and Culture. See chapter on ‘Millennium Masculinity’, 122–43. 30. Judith Butler, ‘Imitation and Gender Insubordination’, (1991) in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, eds. Henry Abelove, Michèle Aina Barale, and David M. Halperin (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), 307–20; 314. 31. Samuel Allen Chambers and Terrell Carver, Judith Butler and Political Theory: Troubling Politics (London and New York: Routledge, 2008), 2. 32. I do not mean to suggest that this desire belongs to individuals such as writers and performers. Rather, I see this desire as culturally produced, in part effected by another desire for men to show repentance or marginal- ity, and reproduced by men to regain power via this public expression of victimization. 33. Thomas underwrites castration anxiety to suggest that there might be, at bottom, a scatontological anxiety that stems from the knowledge that the ‘I’ is nothing but excrement. In Masculinity, Psychoanalysis: Straight Queer Theory he describes the distinction in the following terms: ‘If castration anxiety permits desire to be normatively organized in terms of either being or having, scatontological anxiety concerns the fear of being abjected, of being something not worth having’ (p. 70). 34. Kaja Silverman, Male Subjectivity at the Margins (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), 1. 35. Ibid., 9. 36. Peter Stallybrass and Allon White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (New York: Cornell University Press, 1986), 4–5. 37. Ibid., 5. 38. Ibid. 39. Patrick Campbell (co-ed. with Adrian Kear), ‘Introduction’, in Psychoanalysis and Performance (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 1–18; 1. Notes 193 40. Interestingly, writing from an analytic perspective, Joachim Danckwardt and Peter Wegner suggest that we might think of the term ‘performance’ within the clinical space as an ‘attempt at restitution’, drawing on Freud’s notion of ‘acting out’, Winnicott’s ideas of play, and Laplanche and Pontalis’s theory of ‘actualising’. See Joachim F. Danckwardt and Peter Wegner, ‘Performance as Annihilation or Integration’. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, vol. 88, part 5 (October 2007): 1117–33, 1119–20. 41. Sigmund Freud, ‘Mourning and Melancholia’, (1917) in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, XIV trans. and ed. James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud and assisted by Alix Strachey and Alan Tyson (London: Vintage, 2001), 246. 42. Sigmund Freud, ‘The Ego and the Id’, (1923) in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, XIV, 28–9. 43. Ibid., 31. 44. Jacques Lacan, ‘The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience’, (1949) in Écrits: A Selection (1977), trans. Alan Sheridan (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 2. From here on in, I will cite Lacan’s seminars in the body of the text with the year in which they were delivered, and in the endnotes for the year in which they were published in English. 45. Ibid. 46. Jacques Lacan, ‘The Signification of the Phallus’, in Écrits, 316. 47. Ibid., 312. 48. Ibid., 316. 49. Ibid., 318–19. 50. Jacques Lacan, ‘On a Question Preliminary to Any Possible Treatment of Psychosis,’ (1959) in Écrits, 229. 51. This Lacanian construction, as outlined in ‘The Signification of the Phallus’ (p. 320), is contested by Juliet Mitchell and Jacqueline Rose in Feminine Sexuality: Jacques Lacan and the école freudienne, trans. Jacqueline Rose, eds. Juliet Mitchell and Jacqueline Rose (London and New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 74–85. 52. Coppélia Kahn, Man’s Estate: Masculine Identity in Shakespeare (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1981), 10. 53. Elisabeth Badinter, XY: On Masculine Identity, trans. Lydia Davis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 115. 54. Judith Butler, The Psychic Life of Power: Theories of Subjection (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), 137 55. Jacqueline Rose, Why War? Psychoanalysis, Politics and the Return to Melanie Klein (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1993), 55. 56. Julia Kristeva, Revolution in Poetic Language, trans. Margaret Waller, foreword by Leon S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 25. 57. Ibid., 34. 58. Patrick Campbell, ‘Introduction’, in Psychoanalysis and Performance, 7. 59. Julia Kristeva, Revolution in Poetic Language, 50. 60. Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection, trans. Leon S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 4. 61. Ibid., 2. 62. Ibid. 194 Notes 63. Ibid., 5. 64. Ibid., 8. 65. Judith Butler, Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of ‘Sex’ (London and New York: Routledge, 193), 13. 66. Ibid., 232 67. Ibid., 3. 68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Sigmund Freud, ‘The Ego and the Id’, 33. 71. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, 80. 72. Diana Fuss, Identification Papers (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 11. 73. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, 85–6. 74. Ibid., 86. 75. Ibid., 90. 76. Diana Fuss, Identification Papers, 2. 77. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, 42. 78. Judith Butler, Bodies that Matter, 219. 70. Michel Pêcheux is a French linguist who developed a theory of disidentifica- tion in response to Louis Althusser’s theory of social interpellation as detailed in ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’ (1970). In Language, Semantics and Ideology (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1982) Pêcheux considers the constructed subject to be variously good, bad, and disidentifying. 80. José Esteban Muñoz, Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 12. 81. Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok, The Shell and the Kernel, Vol. 1, trans. and ed. Nicolas T. Rand (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), 113. 82. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, 92. 83. Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok, The Shell and the Kernel, 114. 84. Ibid., 113. 85. Ibid., 114. 86. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, 93. Italics in original. 87. Ibid., 86. 88. Sigmund Freud, ‘Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality’, (1905) in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, VII, trans. and ed. James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud and assisted by Alix Strachey and Alan Tyson (London: Vintage, 2001), 157. 89. Ibid., 159 90. Sigmund Freud, ‘A Child is Being Beaten’, (1919) in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, XVII, trans. and ed. James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud and assisted by Alix Strachey and Alan Tyson (London: Vintage, 2001), 185. 91. Ibid. 92. Ibid., 186. 93. Ibid., 185.