Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons History: Faculty Publications and Other Works Faculty Publications 7-2017 The Curse of Cromwell: Revisiting the Irish Slavery Debate John Donoghue Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/history_facpubs Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Donoghue, John. The Curse of Cromwell: Revisiting the Irish Slavery Debate. History Ireland, 25, 4: 24-28, 2017. Retrieved from Loyola eCommons, History: Faculty Publications and Other Works, This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History: Faculty Publications and Other Works by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. © History Publications Ltd. '17 issue Jul-Aug HI5.qxp_Nick 14/06/2017 16:34 Page 24 FEATURE—MYTH-BUSTING The real history of Irish slavery on Barbados tobacco grow] … Transport, trans- plant, mo mheabhair ar Bhéarla highlights how much worse slavery was for [that’s my memory/understanding Africans in the Americas, reminding us that of English]’. While the English con- strued Irish colonisation as the work the curse of Cromwell has haunted more than of God, an Dúna reconstrued it as a just Irish history. curse. Drawing upon the colonial experience of forced migration and forced labour, the poet produced an early example of the diasporic lament, a staple of both popular THE CURSE OF ballads and the poetry of Irish dis- possession. CROMWELL: Irish historians with nationalist leanings were less lyrical and more clinical about the curse. They strove revisiting the Irish to connect the symbolic ‘enslave- ment’ of the Irish body politic under British colonialism to the enslave- slavery debate ment of Irish bodies in the colonies. In 1723 Fr Cornelius Nary estimated that ‘fifteen thousand to twenty By John Donoghue thousand souls’ had been transported into ‘slavery’. The United Irishmen blamed Cromwell for the ‘many thousands transported to foreign istory and nationalism Cromwell himself oversaw the parts’, especially ‘Barbadoes’. By the have long been locked in first wave of colonial transportation twentieth century the estimates had a troubled relationship. to the Caribbean. Writing to parlia- grown much higher. In Ireland under While nationalists base ment after leading the slaughter at English rule (1903), Thomas Addis Htheir appeals on history, their narra- Drogheda in September 1649, the Emmet, the American grandson of tives often rob the past of its com- general reported that the ‘officers the United Irishman of the same plexity. Take, for example, the ‘curse were knocked on the head, and every name, claimed that 120,000–130,000 of Cromwell’, a phrase immortalised tenth man of the soldiers killed, and were shipped to the colonies. A year in a poem by William Butler Yeats. the rest shipped for the Barbadoes’. later, in The fall of feudalism in Ireland, The curse, which refers to the brutal Slipping easily into imperial voice, Michael Davitt recorded that ‘all the seventeenth-century conquest of Cromwell argued that massacre and Irish who could not be shipped off Ireland, has long sustained Irish transportation were benevolent forms to England’s colonies in America and nationalism, but at the same time it of terrorism, as they would frighten the West Indies as slaves were has provided endless fodder for his- the Irish into submission and thus hunted remorselessly into torical debate. Historians have dis- ‘prevent the effusion of blood for Connaught’. James Connolly wrote agreed about the responsibility that the future’. in The re-conquest of Ireland (1915) Oliver Cromwell bears for the con- that ‘over 100,000 men, women and quest’s many atrocities. They also ‘My Day of Ruin Forever Until I children were transported to the dispute the success of the effort to Die’ West Indies, there to be sold into ‘transplant’ Catholic landholders In the 1650s, the Kerryman Éamonn slavery upon the tobacco planta- from Munster to Connacht. an Dúna worked the curse of tions’. The soaring estimates paral- Pinpointing the number of Irish Cromwell into poetic form. In a leled the increasing radicalisation of ‘transported’ to the American piece he entitled ‘My Day of Ruin Irish nationalist goals, whereby the colonies, particularly Barbados, and Forever Until I Die’, he made sure to case for an independent Ireland the nature of the bondage they suf- link the forced removal of Catholics could be made stronger in relation fered there (servitude or slavery) has to Connacht with their forced labour to the number of Irish enslaved in also proven elusive. In recent years in American colonies. Mixing English the colonies. the curse has assumed even more and Irish in his verse, an Dúna wrote importance, as white nationalists in that if the English did not ‘shoot … Liam Hogan’s contribution to the the United States, many of Irish kill … strip … tear … hack … [or] debate descent, have used the history of hang …’ tories, rebels and priests, In recent years, right-wing whites Irish ‘slavery’ to advance their racist they would ship them to the colonies have inundated social media and agendas. ‘chum tobac do dhéanamh’ [to make cyberspace with the lie that Irish 24 /HISTORY IRELAND/ July–August 2017 This content downloaded from 134.193.117.53 on Wed, 03 Jan 2018 17:41:23 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms '17 issue Jul-Aug HI5.qxp_Nick 14/06/2017 16:34 Page 25 ‘slavery’ was worse than that suf- fered by Africans. We know about the extent of the problem thanks to Liam Hogan’s investigation of the ‘Irish slave meme’. Beginning in 2015, Hogan published several art- icles (one in this magazine [HI 24.2, March/April 2016, pp 18–22], co- authored with Matt Reilly and Laura McAtackney) and a six-part on-line series. He cites many examples of how some Irish, Irish-Americans and other white Americans equate Irish bondage with perpetual, racial slavery or claim that it was worse. Indeed, as Hogan found, most of these blog- gers and tweeters believe ‘that slavery is not about race’. That certainly would have been news to the approximately twelve million Africans who endured the Middle Passage to the Americas from the early sixteenth century through to the late nineteenth century, who, if they lived (approximately two million of them perished), faced per- petual slavery for themselves and their children, something whites never or almost never experienced. ‘White slaves were treated worse than any other race in the United States’, reads one meme, which is preposterous on its face for a host of historical reasons, not the least of which would be the US Supreme Court’s 1857 Dredd Scott decision, where Justice Roger B. Taney ruled racist political ideology. Although the States. Hogan’s fearless intervention— that the framers of the US Republican party and its ideological he has received many threats—is a Constitution ‘regarded (people of handlers in the right-wing media case-study of how scholars should African descent) as beings of an in- have long stoked racist resentment, employ relevant research to combat ferior order’ with ‘no rights which now white nationalists, having white supremacists. But has he closed the white man was bound to respect’. become part of President Donald the case of the curse of Cromwell and But the point here was less about the Trump’s base of support, have revived its connection to colonial bondage? past than the present. After claiming overt bigotry as a mainstream force that ‘white slaves’ suffered the worst in American political culture. The But slavery has taken many forms racial treatment in the US, the Irish slave meme cannot be under- As Hogan himself admits, slavery has blogger added: ‘When is the last stood apart from this political taken many forms. I would add that, time you heard an Irishman bitching context. in the long, global history of slavery, and moaning about how the world Hogan has moved beyond his racialised slavery in the Atlantic owes them a living?’ Here the blogger on-line investigation into the Irish world was not the norm; it was an draws upon racist stereotypes to slave meme with careful historical aberration. Race was an early modern portray blacks as freeloading parasites research to demonstrate the clear invention. Racial slavery was an with a false sense of historical vic- differences between Irish bondage essential innovation of global capi- timisation. The Black Lives Matter and African slavery. While attentive talism; it was atypically dehumanis- movement, organised to protest sys- to the hardships faced by Irish ing and therefore atypically prof- temic cover-ups of black deaths at indentured servants, his point is that the hands of American police officers, slavery was a condition reserved for Above: Oliver Cromwell—oversaw the first has faced white nationalist attacks people of African descent in the wave of colonial transportation to the based on this historically skewed, British Atlantic and the United Caribbean. (Buccleuch Heritage Trust) HISTORY IRELAND/ July–August 2017/ 25 This content downloaded from 134.193.117.53 on Wed, 03 Jan 2018 17:41:23 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms '17 issue Jul-Aug HI5.qxp_Nick 14/06/2017 16:34 Page 26 itable. Moreover, racial slavery’s oppressive cultural legacy has left a far deeper historical imprint than any other form of bondage. With this comparative perspective in mind, the case can be made that the Irish were forced into a form of slavery in the mid-seventeenth century, though one far less severe and consequential than what Africans endured for close to 400 years in the Americas.