PRESENCE & PROXIMITY TO STAY AND DELIVER, FIVE YEARS ON The project was funded thanks to a grant from the Federal Foreign Office, Germany Cover photo: © Giles Clarke/Getty Images Reportage, Dinsoor, central Somalia PRESENCE & PROXIMITY TO STAY AND DELIVER, FIVE YEARS ON Independent study Ashley Jackson and Steven A. Zyck This independent study was commissioned by OCHA, the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), and the Jindal School of International Affairs (JSIA). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study was commissioned and overseen by a Steering A high-level Advisory Group provided Group comprising OCHA, the Norwegian Refugee Council inputs throughout the study, and the authors (NRC), and the Jindal School of International Affairs (JSIA), OP are particularly grateful to its members. Jindal Global University. # Véronique Andrieux The authors would like to thank Hansjoerg Strohmeyer, Chief Executive Director, ACF-France of the Policy Development and Studies Branch of the Office for # Mark Bowden the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) for his former DSRSG/HC/RC Afghanistan leadership throughout the project and Steering Group members Urvashi Aneja; Aurélien Buffler; Elizabeth Detwiler; # Dr Ahmed Mushtaque Marit Glad; Ingrid Macdonald; Maureen Magee; Kate McGrane; Raza Chowdhury James Munn; and Karen Perrin. The authors would also like to Vice Chairperson, Governing Body thank colleagues who engaged regularly in the process and Advisor to the Chairperson, BRAC through the Steering Group, in particular Max Hadorn and Lia Copeland, OCHA. # Jane Cocking International consultant, The authors are especially grateful to Karen Perrin of OCHA for former Humanitarian Director, Oxfam GB coordinating the entire process and serving as the principal # François Delfosse liaison between the research team, the Steering Group, and MSF, Security Advisor for Operations, the Advisory Group. Operational Center Geneva Humanitarian Outcomes, an independent policy research # Lise Grande organization, oversaw and supported the research process. DSRSG/RC/HC Iraq Abby Stoddard and Adele Harmer from Humanitarian Outcomes, who were co-authors of the 2011 To Stay and Deliver # Francois Grünewald study report, provided advice and input. Executive and Scientific Director, URD The authors would particularly like to acknowledge Hosanna # Masood Karokhail Fox, a key member of this project’s research team in the Director, TLO (The Liaison Office), Afghanistan Central African Republic, and Antonio Giustozzi, who provided # Kevin Kennedy critical research support in Afghanistan. The authors would Regional Humanitarian Coordinator, Syria Crisis also like to thank those from the International NGO Safety Organisation, NRC, and OCHA who supported the field # Afshan Khan research. Research assistance was provided by Aasta Galli, Regional Director, Central and Eastern Europe and Lucia Graham-Wood, and Wesli Turner at various points during the Commonwealth of Independent States, Special the study. Coordinator, Refugee and Migrant Crisis in Europe, UNICEF Finally, the authors would gratefully like to thank all those who, in the field or at headquarters, contributed their time and # Nicolas Lee expertise to the research (see Annex C). Director, INSO # Zlatan Milisic Director of Direct Implementation Programmes Service and Deputy Director of Policy and Disclaimer: The statements, findings, conclusions, and Programmes Division, WFP recommendations expressed in this study are those of the research team and do not necessarily reflect the views of # Igor Mitrokhin the United Nations, the Jindal School of International Deputy Director for Regional Operations, UNDSS Affairs, the Norwegian Refugee Council, or the study’s Advisory Group. # Terry Morel Director, Division for Human Resources Management, UNHCR # Eunice Ndonga-Githinji Executive Director, Refugee Consortium Kenya 4 PRESENCE & PROXIMITY TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Acronyms and Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19 1.1 Rationale for a Follow-Up Study ............................................................................................................................................................. 19 1.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................................................20 1.3 Structure of the Report ............................................................................................................................................................................. 21 2 CONTEXTUAL CHANGES ............................................................................................................................................................................22 2.1 Sharp Increase in Humanitarian Needs, Appeals, Funding, and Action ..................................................................................24 2.2 Further Institutionalization and Professionalization of Humanitarian Security ...................................................................25 2.3 Threats and Risks Facing Humanitarians ............................................................................................................................................26 2.4 Barriers and Constraints ...........................................................................................................................................................................29 3 OVERARCHING DEVELOPMENTS SINCE TO STAY AND DELIVER ...........................................................................................31 3.1 Staying: Presence, Proximity, Risk Perception, and Acceptability ..............................................................................................32 3.2 Delivering: Remote Approaches, Subcontracting, and Program Design ...............................................................................34 3.3 Engaging Responsibly: Principled Approaches and Addressing Self-Generated Risks .....................................................36 To Stay and Deliver, Five Years On 5 4 OPERATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE TO STAY AND DELIVER .....................................................................................39 4.1 Improving Contextual Understanding: Data Collection, Analysis, and Decision-Making ................................................40 4.2 Negotiating Humanitarian Access and Pursuing Acceptance ....................................................................................................45 4.3 Remote Programming and Subcontracting ......................................................................................................................................52 4.4 Duty of Care ..................................................................................................................................................................................................55 4.5 Protection Approaches .............................................................................................................................................................................57 4.6 Donor Practices for Staying and Delivering ......................................................................................................................................60 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................................................................62 5.1 Overarching Conclusions .........................................................................................................................................................................62 5.2 Recommendations .....................................................................................................................................................................................64 REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................70 ANNEX A: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE 2011 TO STAY AND DELIVER REPORT AND SUBSEQUENT PROGRESS .........77 ANNEX B: GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................................................................................81 ANNEX C: STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED .......................................................................................................................................................82