Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Using as, the Gnu Assembler Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3: Using as, the Gnu Assembler Copyright © 1987, 1989, 1991-2003 by Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright © 2003 by Red Hat, Inc. This documentation has been prepared by Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA Phone: +1 919 754 3700 Phone: 888 733 4281 Fax: +1 919 754 3701 PO Box 13588 Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA Manual identifier: • PDF: rhds-as-EN-3-PDF-RHI (2003-09-24T01:08) • HTML: rhds-as-EN-3-HTML-RHI (2003-09-24T01:08) Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. 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Structure of this Manual................................................................................................... 14 2.2. The GNU Assembler........................................................................................................ 14 2.3. Object File Formats.......................................................................................................... 15 2.4. Command Line................................................................................................................. 15 2.5. Input Files ........................................................................................................................ 15 2.5.1. Filenames and Line-numbers............................................................................ 16 2.6. Output (Object) File......................................................................................................... 16 2.7. Error and Warning Messages ........................................................................................... 16 3. Command-Line Options............................................................................................................... 17 3.1. Enable Listings: -a[cdhlns]......................................................................................... 17 3.2. -D ..................................................................................................................................... 17 3.3. Work Faster: -f................................................................................................................ 17 3.4. .includeSearch Path: -Ipath ...................................................................................... 18 3.5. Difference Tables: -K....................................................................................................... 18 3.6. Include Local Labels: -L ................................................................................................. 18 3.7. Configuring listing output: -listing............................................................................. 18 3.8. Assemble in MRI Compatibility Mode: -M ..................................................................... 19 3.9. Dependency Tracking: -MD.............................................................................................. 20 3.10. Name the Object File: -o............................................................................................... 20 3.11. Join Data and Text Sections: -R..................................................................................... 21 3.12. Display Assembly Statistics: -statistics................................................................. 21 3.13. Compatible Output: -traditional-format.............................................................. 21 3.14. Announce Version: -v ................................................................................................... 21 3.15. Control Warnings: -W, -warn, -no-warn, -fatal-warnings .................................. 21 3.16. Generate Object File in Spite of Errors: -Z ................................................................... 22 4. Syntax............................................................................................................................................. 23 4.1. Preprocessing ................................................................................................................... 23 4.2. Whitespace....................................................................................................................... 23 4.3. Comments ........................................................................................................................ 23 4.4. Symbols ........................................................................................................................... 24 4.5. Statements........................................................................................................................ 24 4.6. Constants.......................................................................................................................... 25 4.6.1. Character Constants .......................................................................................... 25 4.6.2. Number Constants............................................................................................. 26 5. Sections and Relocation................................................................................................................ 29 5.1. Background...................................................................................................................... 29 5.2. Linker Sections ................................................................................................................ 30 5.3. Assembler Internal Sections ............................................................................................ 31 5.4. Sub-Sections .................................................................................................................... 31 5.5. bss Section ....................................................................................................................... 32 6. Symbols .......................................................................................................................................... 33 6.1. Labels............................................................................................................................... 33 6.2. Giving Symbols Other Values.......................................................................................... 33 6.3. Symbol Names................................................................................................................. 33 6.3.1. Local Symbol Names........................................................................................ 33 6.3.2. Dollar Local Labels........................................................................................... 34 6.4. The Special Dot Symbol .................................................................................................. 35 6.5. Symbol Attributes ............................................................................................................ 35 6.5.1. Value ................................................................................................................. 35 6.5.2. Type................................................................................................................... 35 6.5.3. Symbol Attributes: a.out ................................................................................ 35 6.5.4. Symbol Attributes for COFF ............................................................................ 35 6.5.5. Symbol Attributes for SOM.............................................................................. 36 7. Expressions .................................................................................................................................... 37 7.1. Empty Expressions........................................................................................................... 37 7.2. Integer Expressions.......................................................................................................... 37 7.2.1. Arguments......................................................................................................... 37 7.2.2. Operators........................................................................................................... 37 7.2.3. Prefix Operator.................................................................................................. 37 7.2.4. Infix Operators .................................................................................................