RISK ANALYSIS – AQUATIC ANIMAL DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH DOMESTIC BAIT TRANSLOCATION FRDC Project Number 2009/072 RISK ANALYSIS – AQUATIC ANIMAL DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH DOMESTIC BAIT TRANSLOCATION Prepared by: Ben Diggles PhD DigsFish Services Pty Ltd, Banksia Beach, QLD 4507 Published by DigsFish Services Pty Ltd, (1 July 2011) for FRDC project no. 2009/072 ISBN 978-0-9806995-0-0 Copyright Fisheries Research and Development Corporation and DigsFish Services Pty Ltd 2011 This work is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owners. Information may not be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. Disclaimer The authors do not warrant that the information in this document is free from errors or omissions. The authors do not accept any form of liability, be it contractual, tortious, or otherwise, for the contents of this document or for any consequences arising from its use or any reliance placed upon it. The information, opinions and advice contained in this document may not relate, or be relevant, to a readers particular circumstances. Opinions expressed by the authors are the individual opinions expressed by those persons and are not necessarily those of the publisher, research provider or the FRDC. The Fisheries Research and Development Corporation plans, invests in and manages fisheries research and development throughout Australia. It is a statutory authority within the portfolio of the federal Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, jointly funded by the Australian Government and the fishing industry. Contents List of Tables......................................................................................................................................................6 List of Figures....................................................................................................................................................6 Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................................................7 Non – technical summary ..................................................................................................................................8 1.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................11 1.1 Examples of spread of disease agents in bait......................................................................12 1.1.1 Spread of disease agents in Finfish used as bait ..................................................................12 1.1.2 Spread of disease agents in Crustaceans used as bait...........................................................21 1.1.3 Spread of disease agents in Molluscs used as bait...............................................................24 1.1.4 Spread of disease agents in Amphibians used as bait ..........................................................26 1.1.5 Spread of disease agents in Annelids used as bait ...............................................................28 2.0 Commodity Description...................................................................................................31 2.1 Finfish...............................................................................................................................33 2.1.1 Salmonids..........................................................................................................................33 2.1.2 Saltwater finfish ................................................................................................................33 2.1.3 Freshwater finfish..............................................................................................................34 2.2 Sharks and rays .................................................................................................................35 2.3 Crustaceans.......................................................................................................................35 2.3.1 Penaeid prawns and Palaemonid shrimp.............................................................................35 2.3.2 Crabs.................................................................................................................................36 2.3.3 Saltwater yabbies/Nippers (Ghost shrimp, Bass Yabbies, Family Callianassidae)................36 2.3.4 Crayfish (freshwater and saltwater)....................................................................................36 2.4 Molluscs............................................................................................................................37 2.4.1 Abalone (and other Gastropods).........................................................................................37 2.4.2 Bivalves (Cockles, mussels, pipis, scallops, oysters)...........................................................38 2.4.3 Cephalopods......................................................................................................................38 2.5 Amphibians .......................................................................................................................39 2.6 Annelids ............................................................................................................................39 2.6.1 Oligochaetes......................................................................................................................40 2.6.2 Polychaetes .......................................................................................................................40 2.7 Other.................................................................................................................................41 2.7.1 Echinoderms......................................................................................................................41 2.7.2 Cunjevoi (Ascidians) .........................................................................................................41 3.0 The methodology used for this Risk Analysis..................................................................46 3.1 Hazard Identification.........................................................................................................46 3.2 Risk assessment .................................................................................................................51 3.2.1 Release assessment............................................................................................................51 3.2.2 Exposure assessment .........................................................................................................52 3.2.3 Consequence assessment....................................................................................................53 3.2.4 Risk estimation..................................................................................................................55 3.2.5 Risk mitigation ..................................................................................................................56 4.0 The Risk Assessment .......................................................................................................57 4.1 Hazard Identification.........................................................................................................57 4.2 Elimination of insignificant diseases ..................................................................................64 4.2.1 Viruses..............................................................................................................................64 4.2.2 Bacteria.............................................................................................................................67 4.2.3 Fungi.................................................................................................................................68 4.2.4 Protozoa ............................................................................................................................68 4.2.5 Metazoa.............................................................................................................................70 4.3 The diseases of concern to be considered in the RA ............................................................70 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ FRDC Project No. 2009/072, Final Report July 2011 . 4 www.digsfish.com 5.0 Detailed Risk Assessment ................................................................................................73 5.1 Infection of finfish and molluscs with Aquatic Birnavirus....................................................73 5.2 Infection of finfish with Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (EHNV) .........................78 5.3 Infection of finfish with Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (Nodavirus).......................83 5.4 Emergence of a new previously unknown virus of finfish.....................................................87 5.5 Infection of finfish with Aeromonas salmonicida (Goldfish ulcer disease, GUD) .................91 5.6 Infection of salmonids with Lactococcus garvieae ..............................................................96 5.7 Infection of salmonids with Piscirickettsia-like bacteria (PLBs)........................................100