The Inventory of Historic Battlefields – Battle of Ancrum Moor The Inventory of Historic Battlefields is a list of nationally important battlefields in Scotland. A battlefield is of national importance if it makes a contribution to the understanding of the archaeology and history of the nation as a whole, or has the potential to do so, or holds a particularly significant place in the national consciousness. For a battlefield to be included in the Inventory, it must be considered to be of national importance either for its association with key historical events or figures; or for the physical remains and/or archaeological potential it contains; or for its landscape context. In addition, it must be possible to define the site on a modern map with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The aim of the Inventory is to raise awareness of the significance of these nationally important battlefield sites and to assist in their protection and management for the future. Inventory battlefields are a material consideration in the planning process. The Inventory is also a major resource for enhancing the understanding, appreciation and enjoyment of historic battlefields, for promoting education and stimulating further research, and for developing their potential as attractions for visitors. Designation Record and Full Report Contents Name - Context Alternative Name(s) Battlefield Landscape Date of Battle - Location Local Authority - Terrain NGR Centred - Condition Date of Addition to Inventory Archaeological and Physical Date of Last Update Remains and Potential Overview and Statement of Cultural Association Significance - Commemoration and Inventory Boundary Interpretation Historical Background to the Battle Select Bibliography - The Armies - Information on Sources and - Numbers Publications - Losses - Full Bibliography - Action - Primary Sources - Aftermath and - Cartographic and Consequences Illustrative Sources Events and Participants - Secondary Sources Inventory of Historic Battlefields ANCRUM MOOR Alternative Names: None 27 February 1545 Local Authority: Scottish Borders NGR centred: NT 623 267 Date of Addition to Inventory: 21 March 2011 Date of last update: 14 December 2012 Overview and Statement of Significance Ancrum Moor is highly significant in the context of both the Rough Wooings and the wider context of Anglo-Scottish border warfare. Very few 16th century battlefields survive well within the British Isles, and Ancrum Moor is one of the best preserved examples. The battle is also notable as being one of the few examples where archery and firearms were used together. Arquebuses were used in comparatively large numbers for the period, and the battlefield has a high research potential for assessing the use of the two forms of projectiles in parallel during this transitional period of warfare. It is also notable because it is a rare known example of Border warfare, most of which has survived only in historical references and Border ballads. This is one of the few occasions where a large-scale raid ended in a confrontation between armies in a pitched battle, and this is likely to have left significant traces in the landscape. The Battle of Ancrum Moor was part of Henry VIII’s campaign known as the Rough Wooing. The objective was to force the Scots to accept a marriage between Henry’s son Edward and the infant Mary, Queen of Scots. While raiding in the Borders, the English army was attacked by a Scottish force at Ancrum Moor, just outside Jedburgh. The English were defeated in the battle and suffered heavy losses, including the deaths of two senior commanders. The victory of the Scottish force ended the English raiding for a time and, in the wake of the defeat, France sent troops to help the Scots attack England. However, in the event no major campaign was launched, as the Scottish Regent, the Earl of Arran, feared provoking the English king into further attacks. In the longer term, the defeat at Ancrum Moor ultimately lead Henry to escalate his military action against Scotland, cumulating in the catastrophic defeat of Scottish forces after his death at the Battle of Pinkie in 1547. Inventory Boundary The Inventory boundary defines the area in which the main events of the battle are considered to have taken place (landscape context) and where associated physical remains and archaeological evidence occur or may be expected (specific qualities). The landscape context is described under battlefield landscape: it encompasses areas of fighting, key movements of troops across the landscape and other important locations, such as the positions of camps or vantage points. Although the landscape has changed since the time of the battle, key characteristics of the terrain at the time of the 1 Inventory of Historic Battlefields battle can normally still be identified, enabling events to be more fully understood and interpreted in their landscape context. Specific qualities are described under physical remains and potential: these include landscape features that played a significant role in the battle, other physical remains, such as enclosures or built structures, and areas of known or potential archaeological evidence. The Inventory boundary for the Battle of Ancrum Moor is defined on the accompanying map and includes the following areas: The summit of Peniel Heugh, where the Scots first appeared to the English. The land to the north and east of Dere Street. The probable location of the advancing Scots after their descent from Peniel Heugh The line of the modern A68 and the Roman Road of Dere Street. The two possibilities for the 16th century ‘Jedburgh Road’ which the English marched down. An area to the south of the modern A68 which follows the outline of the largest portion of Ancrum Moor identified on 18th century estate maps. This area fits the topographic descriptions of the main area of combat. The well preserved landscape characteristics of the battlefield including the plateau of Ancrum Moor, the views north over Tweedale from the English vantage point at Lilliardsedge, views across the open moorland from the summit of Peniel Hill and the spatial relationship between the moor and the Roman Road of Dere Street. 2 Inventory of Historic Battlefields Historical Background to the Battle The English army consisted of 3,000 mainly German mercenaries, 1,500 English Borderers and 700-800 Scottish ‘assured men’. They had been at Melrose and were on their way back south towards Jedburgh. Having seen a small Scottish cavalry troop moving from Peniel Heugh hill back to the north- west, the English army turned back to pursue them. The English appear to have been divided into two battles. The vanguard was led by Layton and consisted of around 2,000 spearmen, hagbutters and archers. The second battle was led by Eure and consisted of around 3,000 men. Both battles had spears in the centre and one wing of archers, the other of hagbutters. What they did not know was that the Scots comprised a force of around 2,500 men including Fife lances and Border Reivers, accompanied by cannon. The English attacked uphill, thinking that they were attacking a small body of cavalry. However, the main Scottish army came over the brow of the hill and pushed the vanguard back into the rest of the English army. As the situation deteriorated for the English army, the ‘assured men’ ripped off the red crosses that marked them out and attacked the English troops as well; this betrayal was subsequently blamed as the key factor for the English defeat. The English lines collapsed and a rout began. Both Layton and Eure were killed, along with up to 800 of their army; prisoners were numbered at around 1,000. The Armies No further information. Numbers The secondary works are consistent about the number of English troops, less so about the exact numbers of Scottish troops, but in general the English are seen to outnumber the Scots by 2:1. Scottish: The Scots numbered no more than 2,500, including 700 Fife lances as well as reivers under Scott. English: The English army of over 5,000 men consisted of 3,000 foreign mercenaries, 1,500 English Borderers and 700 Scottish ‘assured men’. Losses The majority of the contemporary accounts suggest that English losses were between 1,500 and 2,000 killed. Later English reports, as troops were ransomed, show that less had been killed than had been first reported: between 500 and 800 dead with around 1,000 prisoners. Scottish losses were very light, although one English source did claim that more Scots than English died. Action 3 Inventory of Historic Battlefields There are significant variations between the various secondary accounts of the battle, with authors showing deployments and action orientated in three very different ways, though on broadly the same ground. As Eure marched south on 27 February, his army was followed by the Scots. The English stopped on Lilliardsedge, which has clear views back across Tweeddale to Melrose and beyond, to see what the Scottish forces would do. This gave the Scots time to pursue but, instead of following directly on the route to Jedburgh taken by the English, they marched south-west, ‘round about’ Ancrum. The English forces were then delayed at the crossing of the ‘Sandy causeway’, which was so narrow that only two could cross abreast, enabling the Scottish forces to approach within striking distance (Lindsay, 1749). It remains unclear whether this forced the English to turn and fight because they could not get their troops across the causeway safely with the enemy so close, or whether Eure chose to attack as he realised his superiority in numbers. Given the result of Anglo-Scottish encounters in the recent past, it is likely to have been the latter. The Scottish forces had halted their artillery on a hill and marched forward towards the English. They then sent their horses back to the hill where the artillery stood and withdrew on foot to a ‘low place, out of the Englishmen’s sight’.