International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 1 ǁ January. 2013ǁ PP.35-42 The location of economic potentials of a frontier community in Nigeria: an exploit on Ilorin in the 20th. Century. Omoiya Yusuf Saad (PH.D) Department Of History and International Studies University of Ilorin, Ilorin. Nigeria. ABSTRACT: The increasing opportunities in the global connect in advancing human opportunities, potentials and exploration has continued to propel scholars to present the outcome of their research for global benefit. Ilorin, is a community in Nigeria, where its geographical location, climate, vegetation and topography have been an advantage for its economic growth. The peaceful co existence amongst its diverse cultural population and its unlimited potentials for industrial growth is an added advantage. The evolution of Ilorin economic opportunities is appraised from the historical perspectives. Whereby, the sequence of the community’s development from its emergence as entity, its historical role as the economic connect between the peoples of the North and the Southwestern Nigeria and as a melting pot of culturally diverse people within and outside Nigeria will be given close focus. The study will provide for economic, social and political understanding of the area and it will serve as an exploit of its potentials. I. INTRODUCTION Ilorin is located on Latitude 80 – 30 North and Longitude 40 – 35 east. It is about 300 kilometer from Lagos, the former Nigerian Capital city and the economic hub of the country. (GCA Travel 1994). It is also the last emirate to the south of Northern Nigeria, where the success of the 19 Century Jihad, led by Shehu Uthman Danfodio, had evolved an emirate political system that covers major parts of the present day Northern Nigeria. Being a frontier that is dominated by the Southwestern Nigerian culture of the Yoruba, its sustenance of the emirate political structure keep alive, its historical relations with the northern Nigeria, that is dominated by Hausa/Fulani groups.(H.O. Danmole, 1980) The climate of Ilorin is shared between two season, winter and summer. Seasons are defined as the wet season, from April to October, and the dry season, from November to March. The dry season witnesses the prevailing influences of the dry and dusty northeast winds. The wet season is particularly noticeable on the south-eastern coast, where annual rainfall reaches about 130 inches http://www.wordtravels.com/Travelguide/Countries/Nigeria/Climate#ixzz1syfvTjeH The population of Ilorin Community is mixed. It thus explains why it is earlier described as a melting pot for many Nigerian linguistic groups. In Ilorin, there are Yoruba, Hausa, Fulani, Nupe, Kanuri, and the Gobawas. It is these and other cultural groups that makes up the population of Ilorin to a little over a million people. .(National Census Record 1989) Within, Ilorin has a good network of roads that make easy for vehicular movement. At the national level, it perhaps, has the highest network of roads that connects different regions. To the southwest and the ports in Lagos, to all parts of Northern Nigeria, to the southeast and south south and the north central, where the federal capital is cited. www.google.com/chrome The opportunity of these net works of roads is unique to Ilorin that has been the Kwara State Capital. Ilorin is effectively linked by Air transport. It is having an International Airport that was constructed to serve as an alternative to Lagos, when Lagos was serving as the Nigerian Capital. (Aviation Planning Record,1978). A Cargo shed and equipments for the Airport to take off, to handle international goods has been completed. (Extract from fed. and state government Projects. 2009). Added to the aviation potentials of Ilorin, is the construction of an aviation school by the State Government and which has began. (Extract from the Aviation school’s record 2011). II. THE HISTORICAL BEGINNING OF THE ECONOMY OF ILORIN. The suzerainty of Oyo Empire over Ilorin in the 17th century is generally acknowledged by scholars of both Ilorin and Yoruba history to have opened up the latter to great economic opportunities (Mustain .I). Before then, Ilorin was a scattered settlement that was not administered by a single authority. The Ojo Isekuse group, the Asaju group, the Okesuna group and the Olufadi Fulani group, existed independent of one another (Alh. Salau Magaji). The appointment of Laderin, the progenitor of Aare Afonja, as the first Oyo Empire Ajele www.ijhssi.org 35 | P a g e The location of economic potentials of a frontier community in nigeria: (Resident) in the area, certainly brought the different settlements under a single authority (Rev. Samuel, Johnson). The establishment of the Oyo provincial administrative system in the area naturally opened up Ilorin as an entity with full economic potentials (Alh. Salau Magaji). The diversion of the north-south trade network towards Ilorin, accounted for the fast rate at which migrants were encouraged into the area to become a commercial centre. The settlement of groups of Muslims at Okesuna and the Olufadi Fulani group in the area long before Ilorin became a major trade route of the fast growing commercial relations between the peoples from the north of River Niger and old Oyo empire, must have encouraged the Hausa traders from the north to stay in Ilorin to transact their businesses rather than traveling further south. The Hausa traders considered Ilorin safe for themselves and their business because of the presence of their Muslim brothers in the area. (Alfa Shehu M. Akalanbi). The core Yoruba areas such as old Oyo itself, Shaki, Osogbo and Iseyin, also preferred to operate their economic transactions from Ilorin because most their blood relations had either migrated to Ilorin for economic advantaged or for Islamic scholarship. III. THE EMERGENCE OF MAJOR MARKET AND THE ROLE OF MAI GIDA OR BAALE As the volume of trade continued to grow, so the markets in Ilorin grew with it. This naturally encouraged a good number of migrants into the area. Gambari, the area named after the Hausa settlers, soon became a major settlement and centre of commercial activities in Ilorin. (Alfa Shehu M. Akalanbi). The Hausa traders from the north of River Niger first stopped in the area before they embarked on any business deal. (Alfa Shehu M. Akalanbi). Each of the traders had an indigenous host, who they referred to as “Mai gida” (the host). (Alfa Shehu M. Akalanbi).It was the responsibility of the Mai gida to market the goods for his customer. (Alfa Shehu M. Akalanbi). For his role, the Mai gida was entitled to a percentage of the sales made in the trade and at the same time, entitled to another percentage of commission on the purchases made from the foreign traders. (Alfa Shehu M. Akalanbi). The double commission due to the Mai gida in the business transactions between traders from the north of River Niger and those from various parts of Yoruba land, made the Mai gida to become professional commission agents in business transactions in Ilorin. (Alfa Shehu M. Akalanbi). On the part of the Yoruba they referred to their local hosts in Ilorin as “Baale”. The Baale played the same role as the Mai gida. These economic benefits actually encouraged more Hausa migrants into Ilorin, to partake in the Mai gida business. (Alfa Shehu M. Akalanbi). It is important to note that articles of trade also played key role in the promotion of the trade. For instance, the Hausa brought articles such as cows, hides and skin and slaves among other goods, for the exchange of goods such as Kola nut, palm oil, textile materials and salt. As the market in the Gambari area continued to expand, markets in the other parts of Ilorin were also growing in line with the products either indigenous to the unit of the community or location of the area. In the Oke Imale areas, Yoruba craftsmen and traders from various parts of Yoruba land were also concentrated. For instance, professional cloth weavers migrated in large numbers to this area to produce indigenous woven cloths that were sold to foreign traders that came into Ilorin. The products were even taken out of Ilorin to be marketed.(Alh. Baba Alaso). Other professional migrants into Ilorin between the 17th and 18th centuries were porters, blacksmiths, wood carvers and rope makers. .(Alh. Baba Alaso). They were traced to have migrated into Ilorin from Iseyin, Shaki or Igboho. .(Alh. Baba Alaso). all in the metropolitan area of old Oyo Empire. Markets in Ilorin and the articles sold therein, dictated the ethnic settlement pattern in the area. For instance, by the end of the 18th century, economic activities coupled with differentiation and specialization of profession and cultural affinities segmented settlements in Ilorin. For instance, the Gambari area hosted the Hausa and the non-Hausa groups from the north of River Niger. These were the groups, which engaged in the long distant trade between the peoples of the north and the southwest. (Gavin, R. J.). Added to this, was the fact that most of the people who inhabit this area were Muslims, who the northern traders regarded as brothers in Islam. (Gavin, R. J.). On the other hand, migrants in the Oke Imale area were professional craft men. (Alh. Baba Alaso). They specialized in various aspects of craftsmanship such as cloth weaving, pottery, blacksmithing and wood carving. (Alh. Baba Alaso). The specialization of the various groups that settled in Ilorin jointly combined to sustain Ilorin not only as a commercial centre, but also as a settlement of artisans. Apart from the fact that Ilorin markets were used to market goods produced from other areas, both far and near, they also marketed their own indigenous products such as Aso Oke (traditionally woven cloths) and pottery .