Algorithm to Zenith: Impact of Classical Islamic Civilization on The Modern World Volume 4: Medicine Dr. Wow Ali Ibn-Sina Nation Builders & Civilization Movers Algorithm to Zenith: Avicenna George Sarton, the father of the history of science, wrote in the Introduction to the History of Science: “One of the most famous exponents of Muslim universalism and an eminent figure in Islamic learning was Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history. His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon)... The 'Qanun' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine.” A to Z: Medicine - Al-Razi aka Rhazes Cambridge University Medical School, UK Commemorative Glass Window. • Al-Razi aka Rhazes, 864-925 A.D • ‘Al-Hawi’ was the largest medical encyclopedia ever written and used for nearly a 1000 years! • Al-Razi or Rhazes explained the nature of various infectious diseases. He described smallpox and chicken-pox. • He tested treatments scientifically, first on animals to evaluate in their effects and side effects. He was the first to introduce the use of alcohol for medical purposes. He was also an expert surgeon and was the first to use opium for anesthesia. • Al-Razi thought diet was important to health. He also emphasized the importance of psychological factors on health. A to Z: Medicine ‘Liber ad Al-Mansorem’ One of the works fundamental to the The colophon of the copy of Rāzī 's organization of medieval medicine was Book on Medicine for Mansur, finished written by Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn by the scribe Hakīm Muhammad Ridā Zakarīyā’ al-Rāzī (d. 925), known to ibn Muhammad, known as Hamdānī, Europeans as Rhazes or Rasis. His Book in 1667 or 1668 . of Medicine for Mansur (Kitāb al- Mansurī fī al-ṭibb) was dedicated in 903 to a local Iranian prince named Abū Salih al-Mansur ibn Isḥāq, governor of the town of Rayy near Tehran. This short general textbook, comprising nine chapters, but it was very influential throughout the Islamic world as well as in Europe. The treatise translated into Latin in Toledo by Gerard of Cremona (d. 1187 AD) and was known as Liber ad Almansorem. One of the most widely read medieval medical manuals in Europe. During the Renaissance many editions of it were printed with commentaries by the prominent physicians of the day, such as Andreas Vesalius. A to Z: Medicine ‘Kitab al Hawi al Tibb’ Al Razi’s 1094 Manuscript, Iran. • The final page of the Hawi by Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā’ al-Rāzī or Rhazes (d. 925)), with the colophon in which the unnamed scribe gives the date he completed the copy as Friday, the 19th of Dhu al-Qa‘dah in the year 487 [= 30 November 1094]. • It is the oldest volume in the National Library of Medicine (USA) and the third oldest Arabic medical manuscript known to be preserved today. Abū ‘Alī al-Husayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh Ibn-Sīnā aka Avicenna ‘One of the most famous (scientists) of all races, places, and times.’ – George Sarton Avicenna Memorial with 5 Volume of ‘Canon of Medicine’ in Dushanbe, Tajikistan Ibn-Sīnā aka Avicenna (980-1037) Avicenna’s Mausoleum in Hamedan, Iran Avicenna: ‘The Prince of Physicians’! Born in Balkh, Afghanistan, hailed as ‘The Prince of Physicians’ , - shown below seated between Galen and Hippocrates in this medieval graphic. Dante’s ‘Devine Comedy’ lists Ibn-Sina (Avicenna) with Ibn-Rushd (Averroes), Socrates, Plato, Homer and Saladin among others. Avicenna: ‘The Prince of Physicians’! Shown below seated with Galen and Hippocrates in this medieval graphic on a printed version. Avicenna: ‘The Prince of Physicians’! Shown below seated between Galen and Hippocrates in this medieval graphic. Avicenna: ‘The Prince of Physicians’! An early illustrated Latin translation of ‘Qanun fi al Tibb’ as ‘Canon Medicinae’. 30 editions were printed in in 15th century with the advent of the printing press. ‘Human beings are compelled to found societies’ – Avicenna in ‘Book of Salvation’ circa 1030 Another portrait of Ibn-Sina/Avicenna ‘Human beings are compelled to found societies’ – Avicenna in ‘Book of Salvation’ circa 1030 Another portrait of Ibn-Sina/Avicenna ‘Canon of Medicine’ A practical illustration on remedies for spine, a 1556 edition from Basel, Switzerland “Co-operate for the well-being of the body and the survival of the human species.” - Avicenna Shown here with medical students on Converse of the medallion with the above quote in Latin and Arabic, • . this UNESCO commemorative medallion based on 17th century the two major languages of Turkish painting. ‘Canon of Medicine’ and Ibn- Sina’s purported signatures. Avicenna as Medical Scientist An undated Latin (?) translation of • In 2006, Professor John Urquhart noted the relevance of the Canon to modern medicine, ‘Canon of Medicine’. comparing it to an influential medical work of the 19th century, The Principles and Practice of Medicine (1892) by Osler, and concluded: • "If the year were 1900 and you were marooned and in need of a guide for practical medicine, which book would you want by your side?" My choice was Ibn Sina. A leading reason is that Ibn Sina gives an integrated view of surgery and medicine, whereas Osler largely shuns intervention. Ibn Sina, for example, tells how to judge the margin of healthy tissue to take with an amputation, a basic topic uncovered by Osler. The gap between medicine and surgery is now closing, with advent of interventional cardiology, gastroenterology, radiology, etc. ‘Canon of Medicine’ A 15th Century Manuscript, Iran. • Ali Ibne Sina (980-1037) aka Avicenna’s classic textbook of medicine was taught from 11th century to 17th century Medical Schools in Europe. Longest running text book of Medicine or a textbook on any subject. • The word, ‘canon’ meaning ‘a universal principle’ in English comes from the Arabic title of this book ‘Qanun fi al Tibb’ or ‘The Principles of Medicine’. • ‘Canon…’ is one of the 40 surviving books of Avicenna on Medicine. • Ibn-Sina is credited with the development of experimental medicine and chemistry. ‘Canon of Medicine’ Manuscript dated 1632 • Of his 450 books 40 on medicine and 150 treatises on philosophy survive to this day. This prolific polymath wrote on all subjects from poetry to physics, mechanics, psychology and chemistry in addition to practicing medicine and surgery. • first Latin translation of ‘Canon…’ in 12th century • Ibn-Sina is considered to have given the method of clinical trials. • A philosopher in his own right know for Avicenna Logic. He is equally well regarded for his commentaries on Greek philosophy and having introduced Greek philosophy back to Europe. • first Latin translations of The Canon of Medicine in 12th century. Averroes: ‘Colleget et Medicinae’! The title of this textbook of medicine is one of the sources of Latin word ‘college’ from Arabic colleyate as in Ibn-Rushd aka Averroes’ ‘colleyate fi al Tibb’ first translated in Latin as ‘colleget et Medicinae’ in 13th century! ‘Pharmacopoeia Persia’ A 1781 Translation of Mohammad Husayni’s Pharmacopoea, Paris, France. • frontpage of Pharmacopoeia Persica ex idiomate Persica in Latinum conversa, published in Paris in 1681. The treatise consists of a Latin translation, with comments, made by Father Angelus de Sanctu Josepho [Joseph Labrosse] of a Persian book on compound remedies by Muzaffar ibn Muhammad al- Husayni. • french priest Joseph Labrosse learnt Arabic in Rome from 1662- 1664 and then Persian in Isfahan to study materia medica Iran of 17th Century. A to Z: Al-Gafequi: Ophthalmology . Commemorative bust of Mohamed Al-Gafequi (d. 1265) in front of Cordoba Hospital, Spain. Renowned as author of ‘Right Guide in Ophthalmology’. Ophthalmology ‘From 800 to 1300 Islam produced more than 60 Ophthalmologists, authors of textbooks and monographs. Meanwhile in Europe, prior to 12th century, an Ophthalmologist was unheard of.’ Prof. Hirschberg, famous Ophthalmologist during his address to American Medical Association in 1905. Below ‘canon of Medicine’ by Averroes: A 1484 edition at University of Texas. A to Z: Chemistry from al-Chemey Al-Jildaki’s 1342 treatise on Chemistry, a 19th century copy from Morocco. • An illuminated opening from the alchemical treatise The Proof Regarding Secrets of the Science of the Balance (Kitab al-Burhan fi asrar 'ilm al-mizan) by 'Izz al-Din Aydamir al-Jildaki (d. 743 H/1342 CE). Undated copy made in Morocco in the late 19th century, held in the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Maryland) Chemistry from al-Chemey laid the foundation for modern medicine • The laboratory equipments like glass beakers, distillers and alembics (Arabic) were invented and used for hundreds of years by Muslims before rest of the world had any concept of what was experimental chemistry. It laid the sophisticated foundation of pharmaceuticals we take for granted today. • Al-Kindi and Ibn-Sina are considered earliest pioneers of the scientific chemistry laboratories. Disclaimer 1. This presentation is work in progress. 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