THE MAKING OF AN AMERICAN SHINTO COMMUNITY By SARAH SPAID ISHIDA A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2008 1 © 2007 Sarah Spaid Ishida 2 To my brother, Travis 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people assisted in the production of this project. I would like to express my thanks to the many wonderful professors who I have learned from both at Wittenberg University and at the University of Florida, specifically the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Mario Poceski and Dr. Jason Neelis. For their time, advice and assistance, I would like to thank Dr. Travis Smith, Dr. Manuel Vásquez, Eleanor Finnegan, and Phillip Green. I would also like to thank Annie Newman for her continued help and efforts, David Hickey who assisted me in my research, and Paul Gomes III of the University of Hawai’i for volunteering his research to me. Additionally I want to thank all of my friends at the University of Florida and my husband, Kyohei, for their companionship, understanding, and late-night counseling. Lastly and most importantly, I would like to extend a sincere thanks to the Shinto community of the Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America and Reverend Koichi Barrish. Without them, this would not have been possible. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................9 2 THE BEGINNINGS OF A NORTH AMERICAN SHINTO ................................................15 Sympathetic Shinto Scholars ..................................................................................................16 Yukitaka Yamamoto, 96th High Priest of Tsubaki Grand Shrine ...........................................20 Unitarian Connections and the Start of Tsubaki in America..................................................22 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................25 3 TSUBAKI GRAND SHRINE OF AMERICA.......................................................................28 Koichi Barrish.........................................................................................................................28 Summer Shinto Seminar.........................................................................................................30 Misogi..............................................................................................................................32 Chinkon............................................................................................................................36 The First Day of the Seminar ..........................................................................................37 The Second Day of the Seminar......................................................................................38 The New Statue ...............................................................................................................40 Promotions..............................................................................................................................43 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................46 4 AMERICAN FOLLOWERS OF SHINTO ............................................................................48 Intersections of Shinto and Aikido .........................................................................................49 Misogi Ritual Purification.......................................................................................................51 Green Shinto and Neopaganism .............................................................................................53 Religious Self Identification of Shinto Practitioners..............................................................59 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................61 5 TGSA AND JAPANESE RELIGIONS IN AMERICA.........................................................63 Comparisons with Shinto in Hawaii.......................................................................................63 Comparisons with Japanese Buddhism in North America .....................................................71 The Buddhist Churches of America ................................................................................71 Zen in America................................................................................................................72 Soka Gakkai International-USA......................................................................................74 Baggage, Import, and Export Religions .................................................................................75 5 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................78 6 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................81 APPENDIX A TIMELINE OF IMPORTANT DATES IN SHINTO DEVELOPMENT IN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES ...............................................................................................85 B SURVEY QUESTIONS FOR THE PARTICIPANTS AT THE SHINTO SUMMER SEMINAR AT TSUBAKI GRAND SHRINE OF AMERICA .............................................89 C TABLE OF THOSE INTERVIEWED...................................................................................90 D HISTORY OF MORIHEI UESHIBA AND AIKIDO............................................................91 E HISTORY OF MISOGI..........................................................................................................85 F INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD FORMS....................................................................87 LIST OF REFERENCES...............................................................................................................99 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................104 6 Abstract of a Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts THE MAKING OF AN AMERICAN SHINTO COMMUNITY By Sarah Spaid Ishida May 2008 Chair: Mario Poceski Major: Religion My work examines the formation and the current practices of a Shinto community in North America and what this community can teach us about religion in America. This community is called Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America and was established in 1992 by Reverend Koichi Barrish, the first non-Japanese Shinto priest in history. First, I use historical and biographical data to detail the formation of the shrine. Then, I provide a first-hand account of my experiences at the shrine and my interviews with people who participate in Shinto rituals. I have found that while the Shinto at the shrine authentic to its Japanese origins in that its practices come directly from its base shrine in Japan, the shrine’s community has become successful by adding elements, such as Aikido or group water purification rituals, that would not necessarily be present in Japan. Furthermore, Tsubaki has managed to gain attention by maintaining extended networks outside of the shrine’s local and religious community, and by being present in the online community in the form of a website and email listserv. Additionally, many people come to the shrine and get involved with Shinto because of the shrine’s connection with Aikido. Others favor ritual purification practices. Still others see Shinto as a way to venerate the sacrality of nature, and become interested in learning 7 more about it because of their love of nature or concern for the environment. Lastly, I compare the past and present Tsubaki community to followers of other Japanese religions in America. In attempting to understand the workings of a specific Shinto community in America, I hope to contribute not only to current scholarship on Shinto, but also to add new data related to the study of religion in America. This community reflects tendencies in this country toward ecumenism and the incorporation of spirituality with growing concern for the natural environment. My examination of the community also puts it in conversation with other Asian religions in America on the issue of ethnicity. Finally, this work also sheds light on the future prospects of Tsubaki Grand Shrine and Shinto in America. 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America, located in Granite Falls, Washington, is the only Shinto shrine in mainland North America. It was established in 1992 by Reverend Koichi Barrish, the first non-Japanese Shinto priest in history. The existence of such a shrine generates a host of questions that I hope to address in this thesis. Shinto, translated as “the way of the kami,” has been described and defined by both Japanese and Western scholars over time in a variety of ways: as the indigenous religion of Japan, the racial faith of the Japanese (Ono 1962:111), the national religion of Japan (Muraoka 1964:1), part of being Japanese