º≈ß“π«‘®—¬¥â“π°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å ◊∫ “π ß“π«‘®—¬ ¥â«¬À¡“¬¡—Ëπ √â“ß √√§å ÿ¢¿“æ‰∑¬ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«Àπâ“ √‘‡√‘Ë¡ ‡ √‘¡∑—°…– æ—≤π“ ª√–¡«≈º≈ §âπ§«â“ À“·π«∑“ß ‚√§¡“°¡“¬ ‡°‘¥‰¥â ¥â«¬·¡≈ß µâÕß√Ÿâ·À≈àß ™’«ªí®®—¬ „Àâ°√–®à“ß ®÷ߧ«∫§ÿ¡ ‡™‘ß𑇫» ‰¥â∂Ÿ°∑“ß ‡ªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ß °“√ªÑÕß°—π Õ—π¬—Ë߬◊π ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ΩÉ“¬™’««‘∑¬“·≈–𑇫»«‘∑¬“ °≈ÿà¡°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å º≈ß“π«‘®—¬¥â“π°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ISBN 974-465-212-8 °√¡«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å°“√·æ∑¬å °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ º≈ß“π«‘®—¬ ¥â“π°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å ΩÉ“¬™’««‘∑¬“·≈–𑇫»«‘∑¬“ °≈ÿà¡°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√¡«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å°“√·æ∑¬å °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ º≈ß“π«‘®—¬¥â“π°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å ®—¥∑”‚¥¬ ΩÉ“¬™’««‘∑¬“·≈–𑇫»«‘∑¬“ II °≈ÿà¡°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ‚∑√. 0-2589-9850-8 µàÕ 99245 e-mail: [email protected] ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√: ¥√.Õÿ…“«¥’ ∂“«√– §≥–ºŸâ®—¥∑” π .»»‘∏√ Õ¬Ÿà‡ ∂’¬√ π .ƒ∑—¬√—µπå »√’∏¡√—µπå π“¬Õ¿‘«—Ø ∏«—™ ‘π 𓬮‘µµ‘ ®—π∑√å· ß ¥√.Õÿ√ÿ≠“°√ ®—π∑√å· ß π“¬«‘™—¬ §ßß“¡ ÿ¢ æ‘¡æå§√—Èß·√°: æ.». 2546 ®”π«π: 500 ‡≈à¡ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡¢ÕßÀÕ ¡ÿ¥·Ààß™“µ‘ º≈ß“π«‘®—¬¥â“π°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å.--ππ∑∫ÿ√’: ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å “∏“√≥ ÿ¢, 2546. 220 Àπâ“. 1. °’Ø«‘∑¬“--º≈ß“π«‘®—¬. 2. ·¡≈ß∑’ˇªìπæ“À–π”‚√§--º≈ß“π «‘®—¬ I. ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. II. ™◊ËÕ‡√◊ËÕß. 614.432 ISBN 974-465-212-8 ÕÕ°·∫∫: Desire CRM æ‘¡æå: ∫√‘…—∑ ¥’‰´√å ®”°—¥ ‚∑√. 0-2278-0541-2 º≈ß“π«‘®—¬¥â“π°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å §”π” ‚√§µà“ßÊ ∑’Ëπ”‚¥¬·¡≈ß ¬—ߧ߇ªìπªí≠À“∑’Ë ”§—≠∑“ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¢Õß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ µ“¡À≈—°°“√„π°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–°”®—¥·¡≈ßæ“À–‡À≈à“π’È ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫™’««‘∑¬“ §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢Õß·¡≈ß°—∫‚√§π—ÈπÊ µ≈Õ¥®π𑇫»«‘∑¬“∑’Ë¡’º≈µàÕ»—°¬¿“æ¢Õß·¡≈ß„π°“√π”‚√§„π ¿“æ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‡ªìπ ‘Ëß®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë®–™à«¬„Àâ “¡“√∂À“·π«∑“ß„π°“√ªÑÕß°—π °”®—¥·¡≈ßæ“À–‰¥âÕ¬à“߇À¡“– ¡ ·≈– “¡“√∂«“ß·ºπ¥”‡π‘π°“√ ·°â‰¢ªí≠À“∑“ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢„π√–¬–¬“«‰¥âÕ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕ߬—Ë߬◊π III Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’ȇªìπº≈®“°°“√√«∫√«¡°“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬Õ¬à“ߧ√∫«ß®√ ‡°’ˬ«°—∫·¡≈ßæ“À–π”‚√§ ¢ÕßΩÉ“¬™’««‘∑¬“·≈–𑇫»«‘∑¬“ °≈ÿà¡ °’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å ´÷Ë߉¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√«‘®—¬µ—Èß·µà æ.». 2530-2544 ‚¥¬¡’«—µ∂ÿª√– ߧå‡æ◊ËÕ‡º¬·æ√৫“¡√Ÿâ„Àâ°—∫Àπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√ §«∫§ÿ¡·¡≈ßæ“À–π”‚√§ µ≈Õ¥®π π—°«‘™“°“√ Õ“®“√¬å π‘ ‘µ π—°»÷°…“ π—°‡√’¬π ·≈–ºŸâ π„®∑—Ë«‰ª ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ “¡“√∂𔉪„™â„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πå·≈– ‰¥âº≈§ÿâ¡§à“·°àª√–™“™π Õ—π®–π”¡“´÷Ëߧÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ∑’Ë¥’µàÕ‰ª ¥√. πæ.ª∞¡ «√√§åªí≠≠“‡≈‘» ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ º≈ß“π«‘®—¬¥â“π°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å “√∫—≠ ß“π«‘®—¬¬ÿßæ“À–‚√§‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫ I °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߧ«“¡™ÿ°™ÿ¡¢Õ߬ÿßæ“À–‚√§‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √–À«à“ߪï æ.». 2535-2537 1 I §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßÕ—µ√“°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‰«√— ‡®.Õ’. „π¬ÿßæ“À– °—∫Õÿ∫—µ‘°“√≥å‚√§‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √–À«à“ߪï æ.». 2535-2537 15 I °“√«“߉¢à¢Õ߬ÿßæ“À–π”‚√§‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫„π·À≈à߇擖æ—π∏ÿå®”≈Õß 23 I ™à«ß‡«≈“·≈–∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇ ’ˬߵàÕ°“√°—¥¢Õ߬ÿßæ“À–‚√§‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫ 28 ß“π«‘®—¬¬ÿßæ“À–‚√§‰¢â‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ° IV I Õÿ∫—µ‘°“√≥å剢â‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ° ·≈–§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫°“√ ”√«®¬ÿß≈“¬„π‡¢µ¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ 37 I °“√ ”√«®¬ÿß≈“¬„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π∑’Ë¡’ºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§‰¢â‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ°„π‡¢µ¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ 52 I √Ÿª·∫∫ ”À√—∫°“√欓°√≥å®”π«πºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§‰¢â‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ°„π‡¢µ¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ 64 I °“√ ”√«®§«“¡™ÿ°™ÿ¡¢Õ߬ÿß≈“¬·∫∫‡≈◊Õ°µ—«Õ¬à“߇™‘ß ÿࡇæ◊ËÕ°“√‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß‚√§‰¢â‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ° 75 I °“√·æ√à°√–®“¬¢Õ߬ÿß≈“¬„π™π∫∑™à«ß æ.». 2532-2534 85 I ‚ª√·°√¡™à«¬ß“π°“√‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡¬ÿß≈“¬æ“À–π”‚√§‰¢â‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ° 103 ß“π«‘®—¬¬ÿßæ“À–‚√§øî≈“‡√’¬ À√◊Õ‚√§‡∑â“™â“ß I °“√æ—≤π“°“√º≈‘µ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å “¬æ—π∏ÿå∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ Bacillus sphaericus H.5 ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â°”®—¥≈Ÿ°πÈ”¬ÿß√”§“≠ 115 I √–∫“¥«‘∑¬“¢Õß‚√§‡∑â“™â“ß ·≈–°“√‡ΩÑ“√–«—ßÀπÕπ欓∏‘ Wuchereria bancrofti „π¬ÿß∏√√¡™“µ‘ 127 ß“π«‘®—¬¬ÿßæ“À–À≈“¬™π‘¥ I °“√°”®—¥≈Ÿ°πÈ”·≈–µ—«‚¡àߢÕ߬ÿßæ“À–‚¥¬„™â Oil Surfactant 135 I °“√®”·π°™π‘¥¬ÿßæ“À–„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¥â«¬‚ª√·°√¡§Õ¡æ‘«‡µÕ√å 142 I °“√·ª≈ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈ ”À√—∫«‘‡§√“–Àå∑“ß ∂‘µ‘¥â“π™’««‘∑¬“ 150 I Evaluation on the Use of Repellent Soap in Vector Mosquito Dense Areas 157 I Notes on the Blood Sources of Vector Mosquitoes Collected at a Remote Village of Northwestern Thailand (Diptera : Culicidae) 163 ß“π«‘®—¬·¡≈ß«—π·≈–·¡≈ß°‘π‰¥â I °“√„™â “√‰µ√§≈Õ√åøÕπªÑÕß°—π°“√‡°‘¥ÀπÕπ·¡≈ß«—π„πª≈“‡§Á¡ 173 I °“√∫√‘‚¿§·¡≈ß„π¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ 183 ß“π«‘®—¬‡À“ I ¿“«–°“√‡ªìπ‡À“¢Õ߇¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π™π∫∑„π¿“§µà“ßÊ ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ 191 I Evaluation of Sumithrin 0.4% Powder against Head Lice 200 I °“√°”®—¥‡À“„π‡¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π™π∫∑‚¥¬„™âºß‡§¡’‡æÕ√凡∑√‘π 205 I °“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‡À“„π‡¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π 213 º≈ß“π«‘®—¬¥â“π°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߧ«“¡™ÿ°™ÿ¡¢Õ߬ÿßæ“À–‚√§‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫„π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬√–À«à“ߪï æ.». 2535-2537 The Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis Vector Mosquitoes in Thailand during 1992-1994 Õÿ…“«¥’ ∂“«√– Usavadee Thavara Õ¿‘«—Ø ∏«—™ ‘π Apiwat Tawatsin ®‘µµ‘ ®—π∑√å· ß Chitti Chansang ª√–§Õß æ—π∏åÕÿ‰√ Prakong Phan-Urai 1 ‚¬™‘‚µ– «“¥– Yoshito Wada °Õß°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß·æ∑¬å Division of Medical Entomology °√¡«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å°“√·æ∑¬å Department of Medical Sciences ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬π“ß“´“°‘ Nagasaki University µ’æ‘¡æå„π «“√ “√°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ªï∑’Ë 14 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 7-9 °√°Æ“§¡-°—𬓬π 2538. ∫∑§—¥¬àÕ ‚√§‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫√–∫“¥‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√°„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ∑’Ë®—ßÀ«—¥‡™’¬ß„À¡à ‡¡◊ËÕªï æ.». 2512 ®“°π—Èπ°Áæ∫ºŸâªÉ«¬∑ÿ°ªï ®”π«π·µ°µà“ß°—π„π·µà≈–¿“§ ‡æ◊Ëՙ૬„Àâ°“√«“ß·ºπ §«∫§ÿ¡¬ÿßæ“À–‡ªìπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈–À“ “‡Àµÿ¢Õß°“√√–∫“¥´÷Ë߇°‘¥„π¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ ¡“°°«à“¿“§Õ◊Ëπ ®”‡ªìπµâÕß»÷°…“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’ˬ«°—∫¬ÿßæ“À–Õ¬à“ß¡’√–∫∫·≈–µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ®÷߉¥â ”√«®·≈–‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“߬ÿß‚¥¬„™â°—∫¥—°· ߉øµ‘¥µ—Èß∫√‘‡«≥‡≈â“ ÿ°√∑ÿ°‡¥◊Õπ√–À«à“߇¥◊Õπ ¡°√“§¡ 2535-∏—𫓧¡ 2537 „πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë´÷Ëß¡’®”π«πºŸâªÉ«¬·µ°µà“ß°—π 6 ®—ßÀ«—¥ »÷°…“ ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫™π‘¥ §«“¡™ÿ°™ÿ¡ ·≈–™à«ß‡«≈“∑’Ëæ∫¬ÿßæ“À– Ÿß ÿ¥ (peak) º≈°“√»÷°…“æ∫«à“ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë´÷Ëß¡’®”π«πºŸâªÉ«¬ Ÿß (‡™’¬ß√“¬, Õÿµ√¥‘µ∂å) æ∫¬ÿßæ“À–™π‘¥ Culex tritaeniorhynchus ´÷Ë߇ªìπæ“À–À≈—°¢Õß‚√§‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫ ‡ªìπ dominant species ‚¥¬¡’ peak ¢Õ߬ÿß„π ™à«ß‰µ√¡“ ∑’Ë 3 (°.§.-°.¬.) √Ÿª·∫∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߧ«“¡™ÿ°™ÿ¡‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈‡™à𠇥’¬«°—∫≈—°…≥–°“√‡°‘¥‚√§ §«“¡™ÿ°™ÿ¡ Ÿß Ÿ¥¢Õ߬ÿßæ“À–‡∑à“°—∫ 20,453 µ—«/°—∫¥—°-§◊π ®—ßÀ«—¥∑’Ë¡’®”π«πºŸâªÉ«¬ª“π°≈“ß (Õ¬ÿ∏¬“, ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’) æ∫¬ÿßæ“À–™π‘¥ Culex gelidus ‡ªìπ dominant species ·≈–¡’ peak ¢Õ߬ÿß„π™à«ß‰µ√¡“ ∑’Ë 3 ·≈– 4 (°.§.-∏.§.) §«“¡ º≈ß“π«‘®—¬¥â“π°’Ø«‘∑¬“∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å ™ÿ°™ÿ¡ Ÿß ÿ¥¢Õ߬ÿ߇∑à“°—∫ 19,029 µ—«/°—∫¥—°-§◊π ”À√—∫®—ßÀ«—¥´÷Ëß¡’®”π«πºŸâªÉ«¬µË” (¢Õπ·°àπ, ™ÿ¡æ√) æ∫¬ÿßæ“À–™π‘¥ Culex tritaeniorhynchus ‡ªìπ dominant species ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë´÷Ëß¡’®”π«πºŸâªÉ«¬ Ÿß ·µà√Ÿª·∫∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߧ«“¡™ÿ°™ÿ¡‰¡à·πàπÕπ §à“§«“¡™ÿ°™ÿ¡ ¢Õ߬ÿßæ“À–§àÕπ¢â“ߵ˔ §«“¡™ÿ°™ÿ¡ Ÿß ÿ¥‡∑à“°—∫ 7,786 µ—«/°—∫¥—°-§◊π πÕ°®“°π’Èæ∫«à“™à«ß 3 ªï∑’Ë»÷°…“ ®”π«π¬ÿßæ“À–π”‚√§‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫¡’·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈߇°◊Õ∫∑ÿ°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë (p<0.10) ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∑’Ë®—ßÀ«—¥‡™’¬ß√“¬ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß®”π«πºŸâªÉ«¬‚√§‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫ Abstract Epidemic of Japanese encephalitis (JE) has occurred yearly in Thailand since 1969 with greatly different incidences of human cases in various regions. The present study on the dynamics of JE-vector mosquitoes is aimed principally at the elucidation of the reason for different incidences of human cases in various regions of Thailand. The surveys by light traps were carried out every month during January 1992- December 1994 in 6 provinces from 4 regions of Thailand, which JE incidences were different. The results showed that Culex tritaeniorhynchus, the principal JE vector was the dominant species in the high JE incidence areas (Chiang Rai, Uttaradit), the maximum density of vector was 20,453 No./trap-night 2 and had a peak of density in the third quarter of the year (July-September). The pattern of population dynamics showed the same seasonal fluctuation as the incidence of encephalitis. In moderate JE incidence areas (Ayutthaya, Surat Thani), Culex gelidus, the secondary JE vector was the dominant species. The maximum density of vector was 19,029 No./trap-night and had a peak in the third and forth quarter of the year (July-December). In low JE incidence areas (Khon Kaen, Chumphon), Culex tritaeniorhyncus was the same dominant species as the high incidence areas but the pattern of population dynamics was irregular and the maximum density was rather low, 7,786 No./trap-night. During the study the number of JE vectors had decreased in most areas (p<0.1) especially in Chiang Rai. Keywords JE vector, mosquitoes, Japanese encephalitis, Thailand ∫∑π” ¬ÿßÀ≈“¬™π‘¥‡ªìπæ“À–π”‚√§√⓬¡“ Ÿà§πµ—Èß·µàÕ¥’µ®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π ‚¥¬‡ªìπµ—«·æ√à‡™◊ÈÕ ‚√§ √–À«à“ß —µ«å°—∫§π —µ«å°—∫ —µ«å À√◊Õ§π°—∫§π ‚√§∑’Ëπ”‚¥¬¬ÿ߉¥â·°à ‚√§¡“≈“‡√’¬ ‚√§ ‰¢â‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ° ‚√§‡∑â“™â“ß ·≈–‚√§‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫´÷Ë߇ªìπ‚√§∑’Ë¡’Õ—πµ√“¬ Ÿß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ“® ∑”„À⇠’¬™’«‘µÀ≈—ß¡’Õ“°“√‡æ’¬ß 1-2 —ª¥“Àå À√◊Õ¡’º≈∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡æ‘°“√µ≈Õ¥™’«‘µ ‚√§ ‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫‡°‘¥®“°‡™◊ÈÕ‰«√— ·®·ªππ’ ‡Õπ‡´øø“‰≈µ’ (‡®.Õ’.) ‡™◊ÈÕ‰«√— ™π‘¥π’È¡’√–¬– øí°µ—«„π§πª√–¡“π 5-15 «—π ∑”„Àâ‡π◊ÈÕ ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫Õ¬à“߇©’¬∫æ≈—π Õ“°“√‡√‘Ë¡¥â«¬ ¡’‰¢â ª«¥À—« Õ“‡®’¬π §«“¡¥—π„π ¡Õ߇æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ™—°‡°√Áß ‰¡à√Ÿâ ÷°µ—« ‡ªìπÕ—¡æ“µ ¡’Õ—µ√“µ“¬ Ÿß ª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 10-30 À“°√Õ¥µ“¬ à«π„À≠à¡’Õ“°“√æ‘°“√∑“ß ¡Õß1 °“√√–∫“¥¢Õß‚√§ ‰¢â ¡ÕßÕ—°‡ ∫¡’¡“π“π·≈â«„π·∂∫‡Õ‡™’¬µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ ·≈–·∂∫Ωíòßµ–«—πµ°¢Õß ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî° ‡™àπ ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ ®’π ‡°“À≈’ Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ‰∑¬ œ≈œ √“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß°“√ √–∫“¥·µ°µà“ß°—π„π·µà≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë2-7 ‡¡◊ËÕ æ.».