MUHAMMAD'S IDEA OP THE LAST JUDGMENT AND ITS SOURCES. THESIS presented to the UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH for the DEGREE OP DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY by the Rev.J.ROBERTSON BUCHANAN,B.D. { .. J CONTENTS. FIRST PART; The Prophet's Conception of the Last Judgment ... pp. 1-40. Introduction, with Qur'anic references ... ... rt 1-5. Main Factors in the Last Judgment ... ... " 6-40. I. Its general nature ... ... ... " 6-8. II. The incidence of its coming. ... ... n 8-10. III. Its accompaniments ... ... ... " 10-16. IV. Its duration ... ... ... ... " 16* V. Its purpose ... ... ... ... n 17-19. VI. Basis of reward. ... .. ... ... " 19-21. VII. Supremacy of Allah ... ... ... ... t! 22-25. VIII. Its results ... ... ... ... ... " 25-40. (1) for the righteous ... ... ... " 25-33. (2) for the wicked ... ... ... w 33-40. SECOND PART; The Sources of the Prophet's Conception... ... w 41-84. Introduction ... ... ... ... ... ... " 41. Divisions of the eschatological matter ... ... " 41-84. I. Resurrection... ... ... ... ... M 41-47. II. Judgment ... ... ... ... ... " 47*63. (a) Its dramatic character ... ... w 48-51. (b) Its duration... ... ... ... tt 51-52. (c) Its principles. ... ... ... " 52-63. (1) Impartial justice ... ... w 52-55. (2) Faith and good works condition reward ... ... ... n 55-57. (3) No intercession. ... ... n 57-59. (4) Allah's complete sovereignty.. n 59-63. III. Paradise ... ... ... ... ... ... " 63-72. IV. Hell ... ... ... ... ... 72 84. THIRD PART; The more immediate sources of the Prophet's Conception, with special reference to the teaching of Ephraim, the Syrian.. ... ... fl 85-108. BIBLIOGRAPHY, Gustavus Fluegel, Corani Textus Arabicus, Lipsiae, 1881. Gustavus Pluegel, Goncordantiae Coranl Arabicae, Lipsiae, 1842. J.M.Rodwell, Tfte Koran translated from the Arabic (Everyman's Library), London, 1915. Edward William Lane, An Arabic-English Lexicon, Book I, London, 1863 ff. 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Aug.Wunsche, Der Midrasch Kohelet, in Bibliotheca Rabbinica: Eine Sammlung alter Midraschim, Leipzig, 1880. E.A.Wallis Budge, The Book of the Dead, vol.1, London, 1901, (Books on Egypt and Chaldaea, vol. VI). S.Ephraemi Syri Carmina Nisibena, ed.Gustavus Bickell, Lipsiae, 1866. S.Ephraemi Syri Opera omnia quae exstant Graece, Syriace, La tine, in sex tomos distributa, Romae, 1732-46* Die altesten Quellen des orlentalischen Kirchenrechts, Buch, Die syrische Didaskalia, von Hans Achelis u.Johs. Plemming, Leipzig, 1904 (Texte u.Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur, heraus, von Gebhardt u.Harnack, neue folge, 10ter Bd.). Aphrahat's des persischen Weisen Homilien, von Georg Bert, Leipzig, 1888, (Texte u.Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur, heraus, von Gebhardt u.Harnack, 3ter Bd., Heft 3). Patrologia Orientalis, ed.R.Graffin et P.Nau, Tomus VII, Paris, 1911. D. Galloway. The Resurrection and the Judgment in the Koran, in the Moslem World, by S.M.Zwemer, vol.12, New York. 1922. G.W.Broomfield, The Psychology of Mohammed, in The Moslem World, by S.M.Zwemer, vol.16, New York, 1926. Edv.Lehmann und Johs.Pedersen, Der Beweis fur die Auferstehung im Koran, in Der Islam, von C.H.Becker, 5ter Bd., Strassburg, 1914. H.Gressmann, Die neugefundone Lehre des Amen-em-ope und die vorexilische Spruchdichtung Israels, in Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissensehaft und die Kunde des nachbiblischen Judenturns, von Hugo Gressmann, Neue Polge, lter Bd., Heft 3/4, Giessen, 1924. A.J.Wensinck, Hur, in The Encyclopaedia of Islam, no.23, London, 1916. E.BertheIs, Die paradiesischen Jungfrauen (Hurls) im Islam, in Islamica, vou A.Fischer, vol.1, Leipzig, 1925. J.Horovitz, Das koranische Paradies, Jerusalem, 1923 (not accessible, cf.Islamica supra). MUHAMMAD'S IDEA OF THE LAST JUDGMENT AND ITS SOURCES. at Part} Every reader of the $ur 'an is aware of how often and in what broduc- various ways reference is made to the Last Judgment. It was an idea with which Muhammad was much occupied. Belief in the Last Judgment was in the mind of the Prophet as strong as belief in Allah. At first sight the references to this aspect of the Prophet *s thought are bewildering, not only in their frequency but also in the variety of their expression. There is no uniform expression in use, though the word f day T ( p^-;,) almost invariably appears or is understood in the references to the subject; less frequently the word 'hour 1 (IcLu/) is used. To the Prophet, whether speaking about the signs of its approach, or the terrible upheaval which it brings in its train, or the rewards of the believers and the torments of the doomed which fall in the midst of it all, the Judgment is almost exclusively associated with the word 'day 1 , - so strangely and variously described with all kinds of the most extraordinary epithets and paraphrases; when the word 'hour 1 is used, it stands by itself invariably, with no qualifying expression (but cf. Sura 41, 50). Our first task, then, must be to analyse and systematise the references in the tyur 'an to the Judgment which contain the words 'day* and 'hour', if we would gain a clear and comprehensive view of our subiect, as it is pictured by Muhammad* \*~**&QJL' **, ^tjuz/ ^vcuauB-o -o£~tfas Qv** a*v . 'anic The references may conveniently be tabulated, as follows :- eren; : I. Specific Name without the word 'day 1 - 'The hour' ( v^UJI ) . There are 40 occurrences of 'The Hour', referring to the Last Judgment, viz., Sura 6, 31; 6, 40; 7, 186; 12, 107; 15, 85; 16, 79; 18, 20; 18, 54; 19, 77; 20, 15; 21, 50; 22, 1; 22, 7; 22, 54; 25, 122 ; 30, 11; 30, 13; 30, 54; 31, 34; 33, 632 ; 34, 3; 40, 49; 40, 61; 41, 47; 41, 50; 42, 16; 42, 17; 43, 61; 43, 66; 43, 85; 45, 26; 45, 312 ; 47, 20; 54, 1; 54, 462 ; 79, 42. Our subject precludes any consideration of the Last Judgment as ascribed to Muhammad in the later traditions of Islam. MUHAMMAD»S IDEA OF THE LAST JUDGMENT AND ITS SOURCES. drst Parts Every reader of the $ur 'an is aware of how often and in what Introduc­ tion, various ways reference is made to the Last Judgment. It was an idea with which Muhammad was much occupied. Belief in the Last Judgment was in the mind of the Prophet as strong as belief in Allah. At first sight the references to this aspect of the Prophet's thought are bewildering, not only in their frequency but also in the variety of their expression. There is no uniform expression in use, though the word 'day' ( p^,) almost invariably appears or is understood in the references to the subject; less frequently the word 'hour' (AjcLu/) is used. To the Prophet, whether speaking about the signs of its approach, or the terrible upheaval which it brings in its train, or the rewards of the believers and the torments of the doomed which fall in the midst of it all, the Judgment is almost exclusively associated with the word 'day', - so strangely and variously described with all kinds of the most extraordinary epithets and paraphrases; when the word 'hour' is used, it stands by itself invariably, with no qualifying expression (but cf.