Managing Systems of SECONDARY CITIES 1960 1980 2011 2025 Policy Responses in International Development Brian H. Roberts “Secondary cities are the emerging engine of the “Managing Systems of Secondary Cities addresses the rapid-pace urbanization the world will experience in knowledge gap that exists surrounding the challenges the forthcoming decades. Already in Latin America, and experiences of secondary cities. It provides useful secondary cities represent close to 25 per cent of the analysis and evidence-based recommendations for country’s GDP. Some of these cities are offsprings of equitable development in these cities across the large metropolises such as Mexico City, São Paulo and world. UCLG, in partnership with Cities Alliance, Buenos Aires that have encountered serious constraints has addressed intermediary cities as part of its agenda in accommodating urban growth. Cities Alliance new since 2013, in recognition of the vital importance of publication Managing Systems of Secondary Cities secondary cities. Our experience is that secondary clearly addresses the importance of these new urban cities have highly diverse leadership and can be actors in the New Economic Geography, illustrates their very innovative. This publication is an important immediate challenges and proposes adequate policy contribution to current debates and I wholeheartedly responses from the development community. This recommend it both to our members and urban document is a key contribution to today’s discussion on professionals in general.” urbanization trends.” JOI sep RO G, SECRETARY-GENERAL OF UNITED CITIES ELLIS JUAN, GENERAL COORDInaTOR OF THE INTER- AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK’S (IADB) EMERGIng AND SUSTAInable CITIES INITIATIVE (ESCI) “This is a timely book. As congestion and the sheer “This new report makes a significant contribution distances involved in moving around megacities and to our understanding of urban development by primary cities in many countries cause entrepreneurs unbundling and demystifying the concept of secondary to look for alternative bases for their companies, cities, which have often received less public attention and as national infrastructure systems extend to the than mega or capital cities. Secondary cities are secondary cities, these cities are growing rapidly. This viewed in this study in terms of their functions within growth causes great stress on these cities, which have national and subregional urban systems. These roles less resources than the primates, and a wide range of are growing in importance and complexity, while problems for their managers. The book seeks to give many secondary cities are insufficiently equipped to us a better understanding of this phenomenon and deliver on their promise. The book provides a useful provides practical guidance for their managers as they diagnostic framework and can facilitate exchanges of seek to guide their cities towards sustainable growth.” knowledge and experience among city leaders, as well as with national urban policy makers, to help contribute MICHAEL LINDFIELD, FORMER CHAIR OF THE URban to a better-integrated, more dynamic, collective of COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE, ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK secondary cities and their regions.” CHRISTINE KESSIdes, FORMER URban PRACTICE ManageR, WORLD BANK INSTITUTE Managing Systems of SECONDARY CITIES Policy Responses in International Development Brian H. Roberts CitiesAlliance Cities Without Slums First published in Belgium in 2014 by Cities Alliance Rue Royale, 94 1000 Brussels, Belgium Copyright © Cities Alliance 2014 The right of Brian H. Roberts to be identified as the Author of this text has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. Supervision and coordination Rene Peter Hohmann, Cities Alliance Secretariat Technical support Florence Lozet, Cities Alliance Secretariat Produced by Bookworx, London Editor Jo Godfrey Wood Designer Peggy Sadler Proofreader Charlotte Cole Indexer Marie Lorimer A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN Number/EAN: 978-9-0822617-1-4 Legal depot number: D/2014/13.481/2 Please cite this publication as: Roberts (2014), Managing Systems of Secondary Cities, Cities Alliance/UNOPS, Brussels. Contributions and peer reviews Disclaimer: We would like to sincerely thank the following people and The findings, analysis and policy partners for their valuable contributions and inspiration in recommendations of this publication are those of the author alone and do the peer review process: Almut Nagel (BMZ), Angelo Baglio not represent the views of the United (EC/DEVCO B2), Josep Roig (UCLG), Raf Tuts (UN-Habitat), Nations, UNOPS and do not reflect Laura Petrella (UN-Habitat), Themba Phakati (UN-Habitat), the policies or viewpoints of the Cities Chris Heymans (World Bank), Christine Kessides (World Bank Alliance Secretariat or its members. Institute). Cover maps: Percentage of urban population and “The designations employed and the presentation agglomerations by size class (Map 1 to 4, from of material on the maps do not imply the 1960 to 2025). © United Nations, department of expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: of Cities Alliance/UNOPS concerning the legal World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision, status of any country, territory, city or area or of its New-York, 2012. authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.” Abstract econdary cities have become the subject of renewed interest by scholars and inter- Snational development organizations. This report, for Cities Alliance, investigates the role played by secondary cities in the development of global regions and nations. It includes a literature review and redefinition of the term “secondary city” in the context of the role such cities play in global and national urban systems. Secondary cities are no longer defined by population size.T oday, functionality and connectivity with global and national systems of cities has a significant influence on the way secondary cities are defined. The book discusses trends, influences and challenges, including the forces of New Economic Geography (NEG) facing the development of secondary cities in developing regions using a systems analysis perspective under the headings of urban governance, economic, development, social and environmental systems. Fifteen regional case studies are presented to illustrate the way countries in developing regions have approached urbanization, decentralization and other developments in support of second- ary development. The role of international development assistance agencies and organi- zations in supporting the development of systems of secondary cities is discussed. Key words: systems of cities; secondary cities; urban systems; urban development; development policy; international development assistance. Contents 1 Introduction 16 1.1 The Challenges Facing Secondary Cities 16 1.2 Scope of the Book 17 1.3 Contents of the Book 19 2 Secondary Cities: Definitions and Concepts 20 2.1 Literature Review 22 2.2 Broadening the Definition of Secondary Cities24 2.3 Redefinition of the Term “Secondary City” 25 2.3.1 Hierarchy of Cities 25 2.3.2 Functional Hierarchy of Cities 26 2.3.3 System of Global Cities 27 2.3.4 Typology of Secondary Cities 28 2.3.5 Functional Specialization of Secondary Cities 33 2.4 Merging Hierarchy and Functions of Systems of Secondary Cities 34 2.5 New Working Definition of the Secondary City37 2.6 Elaboration of the Functions of Systems of Secondary Cities 39 3 Secondary City Urbanization Trends and Patterns 40 3.1 Urban Growth Trends 40 3.2 Growth in the Number of World Cities 43 3.3 Geographic Primacy and Dispersion of Cities 44 3.3.1 Levels of Primacy-Selected Countries 45 3.4 Urban Footprints 46 3.4.1 Spatial Distortions in Economies of Secondary Cities 48 3.5 Trade, Economic Growth and Development of Cities 52 3.5.1 Growing Trade Between Megacities 53 3.5.2 Trade in Secondary Cities 53 3.5.3 Characteristics of the Economies of Secondary Cities 54 3.5.4 Differences Between Coastal and Inland Secondary Cities 56 3.5.5 Competitiveness of Secondary Cities 58 3.6 Human Development Indicators and Poverty in Secondary Cities 59 3.7 Environmental Factors and Climate Change in Secondary Cities 63 3.8 Future Drivers of Economic Development in Secondary Cities 64 4 New Urban Economic Geography of Secondary Cities 66 4.1 The New Economic Geography (NEG) of Cities 67 4.2 A New Functional Typology of Secondary Cities 68 4.2.1 Economic Typology of Cities 69 4.2.2 Spatial Typology of Metropolitan Region Secondary Cities 71 4.2.3 City Cluster Economic Development 75 4.3 New Economy Impacts on Systems of Secondary Cities 76 4.3.1 Lead, Lag and Laggard Cities 77 4.3.2 Remittances Driving Development of Secondary Cities 80 4.3.3 The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and Failure of the Export Growth- Development Model to Benefit Secondary Cities80 4.4 Global Transformations that will Impact on Secondary Cities Development 82 4.5 New Economic Development Model Needed for Secondary Cities Development 83 4.5.1 Bolstering Endogenous Development in Secondary Cities 84 4.5.2 Fostering Dispersal and Agglomeration Economies 86 4.5.3 Fostering