INPE-00000-TDI/0000 CHARACTERIZATION OF CANDIDATE EXOPLANET COMPANIONS FROM HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE ASTROMETRY, GROUND-BASED RADIAL VELOCITY, AND INFRARED INTERFEROMETRY Eder Martioli Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in Astrophysics, supervised by Drs. Francisco Jablonski, Barbara McArthur, and Fritz Benedict, approved in June 9, 2010. Original document registry: <http://urlib.net/xxx> INPE São José dos Campos 2010 PUBLISHED BY: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE Gabinete do Diretor (GB) Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SID) Caixa Postal 515 - CEP 12.245-970 São José dos Campos - SP - Brasil Tel.:(012) 3945-6911/6923 Fax: (012) 3945-6919 E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL COMMITTEE: Chairperson: Dr. Gerald Jean Francis Banon - Coordenação Observação da Terra (OBT) Members: Dr Maria do Carmo de Andrade Nono - Conselho de Pós-Graduação Dr. Haroldo Fraga de Campos Velho - Centro de Tecnologias Especiais (CTE) Dr Inez Staciarini Batista - Coordenação Ciências Espaciais e Atmosféricas (CEA) Marciana Leite Ribeiro - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SID) Dr. Ralf Gielow - Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPT) Dr. Wilson Yamaguti - Coordenação Engenharia e Tecnologia Espacial (ETE) DIGITAL LIBRARY: Dr. Gerald Jean Francis Banon - Coordenação Observação da Terra (OBT) Marciana Leite Ribeiro - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SID) Jefferson Andrade Ancelmo - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SID) Simone A. Del-Ducca Barbedo - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SID) DOCUMENT REVIEW: Marciana Leite Ribeiro - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SID) Marilcia Santos Melo Cid - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SID) Yolanda Ribeiro da Silva Souza - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SID) ELECTRONIC EDITING: Viveca SantAna Lemos - Serviço de Informação e Documentação (SID) INPE-00000-TDI/0000 CHARACTERIZATION OF CANDIDATE EXOPLANET COMPANIONS FROM HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE ASTROMETRY, GROUND-BASED RADIAL VELOCITY, AND INFRARED INTERFEROMETRY Eder Martioli Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in Astrophysics, supervised by Drs. Francisco Jablonski, Barbara McArthur, and Fritz Benedict, approved in June 9, 2010. Original document registry: <http://urlib.net/xxx> INPE São José dos Campos 2010 Cataloging in Publication Data Martioli, Eder. Characterization of Candidate Exoplanet Companions From Cutter Hubble Space Telescope Astrometry, Ground-Based Radial Veloc- ity, and Infrared Interferometry / Eder Martioli. – São José dos Campos : INPE, 2010. ?? + 166 p. ; (INPE-00000-TDI/0000) Tese (Doutorado em Astrofísica) – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, 2010. Orientadores : Francisco J. Jablonski; Barbara E. McArthur; G. Fritz Benedict. 1. Exoplanets. 2. Binary Stars. 3. Astrometry. 4. Radial Ve- locity. 5. Infrared Interferometry. CDU 000.000 Copyright c 2010 do MCT/INPE. Nenhuma parte desta publicação pode ser reproduzida, ar- mazenada em um sistema de recuperação, ou transmitida sob qualquer forma ou por qualquer meio, eletrônico, mecânico, fotográfico, reprográfico, de microfilmagem ou outros, sem a permissão escrita do INPE, com exceção de qualquer material fornecido especificamente com o propósito de ser entrado e executado num sistema computacional, para o uso exclusivo do leitor da obra. Copyright c 2010 by MCT/INPE. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, microfilming, or otherwise, without written permission from INPE, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use of the reader of the work. ii ATENÇÃO! A FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO SERÁ INCLU- IDA POSTERIORMENTE. Doutorado em Astrofísica iii to my family. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to start by conveying my heartfelt gratitude to my parents, Aparecido and Iraci, my sister Lia and her family, my brother Cid and his family, and my dearest friend Carla, for their enormous support throughout my journey, and also for their caring and invaluable affection and friendship. I am also very appreciative to my advisor Francisco Jablonski who stood by me since the beginning of my graduate studies, and has made available his support in a number of ways. This thesis would not have been possible without the support of my co-advisors in Texas, Fritz Benedict and Barbara McArthur, those of whom provided me with the basic ideas and material for this thesis work. I am especially grateful for our fruitful discussions and for the continuous academic support they provided me at the time I was in Texas, and for their patience in keeping advising me through hundreds of emails, even after I came back to Brazil. I would also like to thank my colleagues Carla Gil and Ramarao Tata, who helped me in developing the pioneering work on the infrared interferometry experiment. They have also been decisive in the preparation of observing proposals, obtaining data, and in the data reduction and analysis. I am grateful for many of the personnel involved in my research work. Particularly, I would like to thank the competent work of clerical assistants at DAS-INPE, and at the University of Texas at Austin. Not to mention the always efficient work of clericals and technicians at the observatories. I would also like to thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) agency for the financial support, and all the Brazilian and inter- national funds that I made use of for the development of my research. I am grateful for the support provided by NASA through grant GO-10704-10989, and 11210 from the Space Telescope Science Institute, for observations obtained from the Hobby- Ebberly Telescope at McDonald Observatory, and from the Very Large Telescope Array at European Southern Observatory. I would also like to thank the services provided by SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France, and NASA’s Astrophysics Data System Abstract Service. vii Finally, I should point up that I have not mentioned everyone who deserves being here. For this reason I would like to express my general but sincere gratitude to all of my friends, co-workers, and family members, who witnessed my quest and in some way supported me and made this thesis possible. These people surely know how important they were and still are to me. viii ABSTRACT This work presents the development of observational techniques and data analy- sis for the follow-up of RV-detected exoplanet candidates and low-mass compan- ions. We present high-cadence radial velocity data obtained with the HRS/HET combined with previously published data, and relative FGS/HST astrometry for HD 136118 and HD 33636. We perform a simultaneous analysis of these data in order to characterize the companion’s orbit thoroughly. This establishes the actual mass +22 of HD 136118 b, Mb = 63−13 MJ, in contrast to the minimum mass determined from the radial velocity data only, Mb sin i ∼ 12 MJ. Therefore, the low-mass companion to HD 136118 is now identified as a likely brown-dwarf residing in the “brown-dwarf desert”. We have performed a similar analysis for the object HD 33636. For this ob- ject we also present experimental AMBER/VLTI infrared interferometric data. The latter provides the measurement of visibility variations, which are consistent with an additional light that presents flux ratio of 30%, for a system with a G0 V primary star and an M-dwarf companion. ix CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE CANDIDATOS A EXOPLANETAS VIA ASTROMETRIA COM O TELESCÓPIO ESPACIAL, MEDIDAS EM TERRA DE VELOCIDADES RADIAIS E INTERFEROMETRIA NO INFRAVERMELHO RESUMO Neste trabalho desenvolvem-se técnicas observacionais e análise de dados para o estudo de candidatos a exoplanetas e companheiras de baixa massa detectados via velocidades radiais. Apresentamos medidas de alta-cadência de velocidades radiais obtidas com o Espectrógrafo de Alta Resolução no Telescópio Hobby-Eberly, com- binado com dados publicados anteriormente, e medidas astrométricas com o instru- mento FGS-1r no Telescópio Espacial Hubble dos sistemas HD 136118 e HD 33636. Realizamos a análise simultânea desses dados para caracterização completa da ór- bita das companheiras. O trabalho resultou na determinação da massa verdadeira de +22 HD 136118 b, Mb = 63−13 MJ, em contraste com a massa mínima determinada ante- riormente via velocidades radiais, Mb sin i ∼ 12 MJ. Portanto, HD 136118 b é identi- ficada como uma provável anã-marrom que reside no “deserto das anã-marrons”. Re- alizamos uma análise semelhante para os dados do também candidato a exoplaneta HD 33636. Para este objeto, apresentamos medidas interferométricas experimentais no infravermelho com o instrumento AMBER no VLTI. Esse experimento resultou na medida de variações na visibilidade consistentes com uma luz adicional que ap- resenta razão de fluxos de aproximadamente 30%, para um sistema binaário que constitui-se de uma estrela primária do tipo G0 V e uma companheira anã do tipo M. xi LIST OF FIGURES Page 3.1 Ellipse geometry................................ 15 3.2 Simple representation of the binary brightness distribution and the bi- nary parameters. ............................... 26 4.1 HRS optical layout. Source: http://www.as.utexas.edu/mcdonald. 33 4.2 HRS System Parameters. Source: http://www.as.utexas.edu/mcdonald. 33 4.3 HRS design parameters. Source: http://www.as.utexas.edu/mcdonald.